什么是間接引述詳解
什么是間接引述詳解
當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句,陳述句,疑問句被轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的結(jié)構(gòu),人稱,時(shí)態(tài),時(shí)間,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等都要發(fā)生改變。那么你對(duì)間接引述了解多少呢?以下是由學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理關(guān)于什么是間接引述的內(nèi)容,希望大家喜歡!
間接引述的基本概念
他們說:“皇帝死后將成為神。” [直接引語(yǔ)] Dixere:"Augustus post mortem deum factus erit."
他們說,那個(gè)皇帝死后將成為神。[間接引語(yǔ)] Dixere Augustum post mortem deum faciendum esse.
間接引語(yǔ)中,引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)要使用賓格,動(dòng)詞要使用不定式,不定式的時(shí)態(tài)取決于引語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間與主句動(dòng)詞時(shí)間的先后性,不定式的性、數(shù)取決于間接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)(如前所述,只用賓格)。如:
Consules sentiunt servos non esse liberandos. 執(zhí)政官們認(rèn)為奴隸們不該被釋放。
主句動(dòng)詞是認(rèn)為:sentiunt ,時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞是不定式 liberandos esse,是將來時(shí),因?yàn)?ldquo;被釋放”的動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)詞“認(rèn)為”之后的。liberandos 的性(陽(yáng)性)、數(shù)(復(fù)數(shù))與間接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)servos 保持一致。
當(dāng)我們引用別人的話時(shí),我們可以使用別人的原話,也可以用自己的話把意思轉(zhuǎn)述出來。如果引用原話,被引用的部分就稱之為直接引語(yǔ),反之,則稱為間接引語(yǔ)。
這里有兩句間接引語(yǔ)。前面一句的動(dòng)詞是 interfectum esse,是不定式的完成時(shí),表示“被殺害”的動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在fama erat [消息到來]之前的;后一句的動(dòng)詞是 vivere, 是不定式的現(xiàn)在時(shí),表示“活著”這個(gè)動(dòng)作與消息到來同步。
直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)詳解
引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為“引語(yǔ)”。直接引用別人的原話,兩邊用引號(hào)“ ”標(biāo)出,叫做直接引語(yǔ);用自己的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,不需要引號(hào)這叫做間接引語(yǔ),實(shí)際上間接引語(yǔ)大都是賓語(yǔ)從句(其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語(yǔ)除外,其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不定式)。那么直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句,轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的結(jié)構(gòu),人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等都要有變化,如何變化呢?
1、人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變
1)直接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱,一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱,如:
He said,“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2)直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱,如果原話是針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述人說的,轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱,如:
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3)直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱,如果原話是針對(duì)第三人稱說的,轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱。如:
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4)人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等,如:
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
總之,人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的,具體情況,具體對(duì)待,要符合邏輯。
2、時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換
直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí),從句(即間接引語(yǔ)部分)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化,變成過去時(shí)范疇的各種時(shí)態(tài)(實(shí)際也是賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)要求)
如何把直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)
“一隨主”是指在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),如果從句中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱變化如:
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二隨賓”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),若從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第二人稱?;虮坏诙四闼揎棥木渲械娜朔Q要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語(yǔ)一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒有賓語(yǔ)。也可以用第一人稱,如:
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)。如果從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如:
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
變時(shí)態(tài):
直接引語(yǔ)在改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)、時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
現(xiàn)在時(shí)它需改為過去時(shí)態(tài);過去時(shí)態(tài)改為完成時(shí);過去完成時(shí)則保留原來的時(shí)態(tài)。如:
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)一般不變化。
?、僦苯右Z(yǔ)是客觀真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引語(yǔ)是過去進(jìn)行時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
?、壑苯右Z(yǔ)中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語(yǔ),變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
?、苤苯右Z(yǔ)如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,變間接引語(yǔ),時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
?、萑绻苯右Z(yǔ)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有過去時(shí)的形式(例:ought to, had better, used to)和已經(jīng)是過去時(shí)的形式時(shí),(例:could, should, would, might)不再變。如:
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何變狀語(yǔ):
直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)津,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來”(例:now變?yōu)閠hen, yesterday。變?yōu)?the day before)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),尤其表示方向性的,或用指示代詞修飾的狀語(yǔ),由“此”改為“彼”(例:this 改為that),如:
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
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