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linux的sudo命令

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linux的sudo命令

  Linux系統(tǒng)下sudo命令以系統(tǒng)管理者的身份執(zhí)行指令。下面由學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家整理了linux的sudo命令的相關(guān)知識,希望大家喜歡!

  linux的sudo命令詳解

  Linux sudo命令以系統(tǒng)管理者的身份執(zhí)行指令,也就是說,經(jīng)由 sudo 所執(zhí)行的指令就好像是 root 親自執(zhí)行。

  使用權(quán)限:在 /etc/sudoers 中有出現(xiàn)的使用者。

  1.語法

  sudo -V

  sudo -h

  sudo -l

  sudo -v

  sudo -k

  sudo -s

  sudo -H

  sudo [ -b ] [ -p prompt ] [ -u username/#uid] -s

  sudo command

  2.參數(shù)說明

  -V 顯示版本編號

  -h 會顯示版本編號及指令的使用方式說明

  -l 顯示出自己(執(zhí)行 sudo 的使用者)的權(quán)限

  -v 因為 sudo 在第一次執(zhí)行時或是在 N 分鐘內(nèi)沒有執(zhí)行(N 預(yù)設(shè)為五)會問密碼,這個參數(shù)是重新做一次確認(rèn),如果超過 N 分鐘,也會問密碼

  -k 將會強(qiáng)迫使用者在下一次執(zhí)行 sudo 時問密碼(不論有沒有超過 N 分鐘)

  -b 將要執(zhí)行的指令放在背景執(zhí)行

  -p prompt 可以更改問密碼的提示語,其中 %u 會代換為使用者的帳號名稱, %h 會顯示主機(jī)名稱

  -u username/#uid 不加此參數(shù),代表要以 root 的身份執(zhí)行指令,而加了此參數(shù),可以以 username 的身份執(zhí)行指令(#uid 為該 username 的使用者號碼)

  -s 執(zhí)行環(huán)境變數(shù)中的 SHELL 所指定的 shell ,或是 /etc/passwd 里所指定的 shell

  -H 將環(huán)境變數(shù)中的 HOME (家目錄)指定為要變更身份的使用者家目錄(如不加 -u 參數(shù)就是系統(tǒng)管理者 root )

  command 要以系統(tǒng)管理者身份(或以 -u 更改為其他人)執(zhí)行的指令

  linux的sudo命令實例

  sudo命令使用

  $ sudo ls

  [sudo] password for hnlinux:

  hnlinux is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.

  指定用戶執(zhí)行命令

  # sudo -u userb ls -l

  顯示sudo設(shè)置

  $ sudo -L //顯示sudo設(shè)置

  Available options in a sudoers ``Defaults'' line:

  syslog: Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging

  syslog_goodpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully

  syslog_badpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully

  long_otp_prompt: Put OTP prompt on its own line

  ignore_dot: Ignore '.' in $PATH

  mail_always: Always send mail when sudo is run

  mail_badpass: Send mail if user authentication fails

  mail_no_user: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers

  mail_no_host: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers for this host

  mail_no_perms: Send mail if the user is not allowed to run a command

  tty_tickets: Use a separate timestamp for each user/tty combo

  lecture: Lecture user the first time they run sudo

  lecture_file: File containing the sudo lecture

  authenticate: Require users to authenticate by default

  root_sudo: Root may run sudo

  log_host: Log the hostname in the (non-syslog) log file

  log_year: Log the year in the (non-syslog) log file

  shell_noargs: If sudo is invoked with no arguments, start a shell

  set_home: Set $HOME to the target user when starting a shell with -s

  always_set_home: Always set $HOME to the target user's home directory

  path_info: Allow some information gathering to give useful error messages

  fqdn: Require fully-qualified hostnames in the sudoers file

  insults: Insult the user when they enter an incorrect password

  requiretty: Only allow the user to run sudo if they have a tty

  env_editor: Visudo will honor the EDITOR environment variable

  rootpw: Prompt for root's password, not the users's

  runaspw: Prompt for the runas_default user's password, not the users's

  targetpw: Prompt for the target user's password, not the users's

  use_loginclass: Apply defaults in the target user's login class if there is one

  set_logname: Set the LOGNAME and USER environment variables

  stay_setuid: Only set the effective uid to the target user, not the real uid

  preserve_groups: Don't initialize the group vector to that of the target user

  loglinelen: Length at which to wrap log file lines (0 for no wrap)

  timestamp_timeout: Authentication timestamp timeout

  passwd_timeout: Password prompt timeout

  passwd_tries: Number of tries to enter a password

  umask: Umask to use or 0777 to use user's

  logfile: Path to log file

  mailerpath: Path to mail program

  mailerflags: Flags for mail program

  mailto: Address to send mail to

  mailfrom: Address to send mail from

  mailsub: Subject line for mail messages

  badpass_message: Incorrect password message

  timestampdir: Path to authentication timestamp dir

  timestampowner: Owner of the authentication timestamp dir

  exempt_group: Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements

  passprompt: Default password prompt

  passprompt_override: If set, passprompt will override system prompt in all cases.

  runas_default: Default user to run commands as

  secure_path: Value to override user's $PATH with

  editor: Path to the editor for use by visudo

  listpw: When to require a password for 'list' pseudocommand

  verifypw: When to require a password for 'verify' pseudocommand

  noexec: Preload the dummy exec functions contained in 'noexec_file'

  noexec_file: File containing dummy exec functions

  ignore_local_sudoers: If LDAP directory is up, do we ignore local sudoers file

  closefrom: File descriptors >= %d will be closed before executing a command

  closefrom_override: If set, users may override the value of `closefrom' with the -C option

  setenv: Allow users to set arbitrary environment variables

  env_reset: Reset the environment to a default set of variables

  env_check: Environment variables to check for sanity

  env_delete: Environment variables to remove

  env_keep: Environment variables to preserve

  role: SELinux role to use in the new security context

  type: SELinux type to use in the new security context

  askpass: Path to the askpass helper program

  env_file: Path to the sudo-specific environment file

  sudoers_locale: Locale to use while parsing sudoers

  visiblepw: Allow sudo to prompt for a password even if it would be visisble

  pwfeedback: Provide visual feedback at the password prompt when there is user input

  fast_glob: Use faster globbing that is less accurate but does not access the filesystem

  umask_override: The umask specified in sudoers will override the user's, even if it is more permissive

  以root權(quán)限執(zhí)行上一條命令

  $ sudo !!

  以特定用戶身份進(jìn)行編輯文本

  $ sudo -u uggc vi ~www/index.html

  //以 uggc 用戶身份編輯 home 目錄下www目錄中的 index.html 文件

  列出目前的權(quán)限

  sudo -l

  列出 sudo 的版本資訊

  sudo -V

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