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linux系統(tǒng)硬盤怎么格式化

時(shí)間: 春健736 分享

  LVM將一個(gè)或多個(gè)硬盤的分區(qū)在邏輯上集合,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)大硬盤來使用,當(dāng)硬盤的空間不夠使用的時(shí)候,可以繼續(xù)將其它的硬盤的分區(qū)加入其中,這樣可以實(shí)現(xiàn)磁盤空間的動(dòng)態(tài)管理,相對于普通的磁盤分區(qū)有很大的靈活性。那么你知道linux系統(tǒng)硬盤怎么格式化嗎?小編帶來了linux系統(tǒng)硬盤格式化的具體操作過程,下面大家跟著學(xué)習(xí)啦小編一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧。

  linux系統(tǒng)硬盤怎么格式化

  分區(qū)與格式化

  先用fdisk分區(qū),分區(qū)完成后再用mkfs格式化并創(chuàng)建文件系統(tǒng),掛載,磁盤就能使用啦。

  分區(qū)的原理:

  MBR:主引導(dǎo)扇區(qū)

  主分區(qū)表:64bytes,最多只能分四個(gè)主分區(qū),每個(gè)主分區(qū)的記錄(相關(guān)信息,比如分區(qū)大小,位置)在主分區(qū)表里占14bytes。

  如果要建多于四個(gè)的分區(qū),就要拿出一個(gè)主分區(qū)做為擴(kuò)展分區(qū),再在擴(kuò)展分區(qū)里面進(jìn)行其它的分區(qū)操作。在 建擴(kuò)展分區(qū)的時(shí)候會(huì)建立一張對應(yīng)的擴(kuò)展分區(qū)表,它記錄了在這個(gè)擴(kuò)展分區(qū)里的分區(qū)的相關(guān)信息;理論上它沒有分區(qū)數(shù)量的限制,在擴(kuò)展分區(qū)內(nèi)部的分區(qū)叫做邏輯分區(qū),如上圖中的 /dev/hda5,/dev/hda6/,/dev/hda7

  格式化原理:

  在分好區(qū)后,分區(qū)里面是空的,沒有任何東西。為了能讓OS識別,就必須要向分區(qū)里寫入相應(yīng)格式的數(shù)據(jù)。比如windows的FAT32,NTFS;Linux的ext2,ext3,ext4(目前ext3格式的用的比較多,ext4還在實(shí)驗(yàn)之中,在新的Fedora上使用的就是ext4的文件系統(tǒng))。

  Windows/dos常用的分區(qū)工具:fdisk/partition magic/diskpart

  Linux下常用的分區(qū)工具:

  fdisk/sfdisk:命令行工具,各種版本和環(huán)境都能使用,包含在軟件包util-linux中

  diskdruid:圖形化分區(qū)工具,只能在安裝REDHAT系統(tǒng)時(shí)使用。

  下面我們開始實(shí)驗(yàn):

  環(huán)境/工具:Fedora 14/256M內(nèi)存卡;fdisk

  第一步:fdisk

  [root@novice ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

  Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes

  8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors

  Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x00000000

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  [root@novice ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

  Command (m for help): #在輸入上面的命令后會(huì)出現(xiàn)左邊的提示,輸入m就會(huì)得到一個(gè)幫助菜單,如下:

  Command (m for help): m

  Command action

  a toggle a bootable flag

  b edit bsd disklabel

  c toggle the dos compatibility flag

  d delete a partition

  l list known partition types

  m print this menu

  n add a new partition

  o create a new empty DOS partition table

  p print the partition table

  q quit without saving changes

  s create a new empty Sun disklabel

  t change a partition's system id

  u change display/entry units

  v verify the partition table

  w write table to disk and exit

  x extra functionality (experts only)

  #help雖然是英文的,可都很簡單,在這里不再解釋。

  #現(xiàn)在,我們正式開始分區(qū)的操作:

  Command (m for help): n #新建分區(qū)

  Command action

  e extended

  p primary partition (1-4)

  #e/p分別對應(yīng)擴(kuò)展分區(qū) /主分區(qū);我們先分四個(gè)主分區(qū),每個(gè)50M;然后再來增加主分區(qū)或擴(kuò)展分區(qū),看會(huì)出現(xiàn)怎樣的狀況,嘿嘿。

  p #分區(qū)類型為主分區(qū)

  Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 #分區(qū)號,在這里我們依次選擇1、2、3、4

  First sector (2048-496127, default 2048): #指定分區(qū)的起始扇區(qū),一般默認(rèn),按enter鍵即可。

  Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-496127, default 496127): +50M #指定分區(qū)的終止扇區(qū),根據(jù)前面的提示我們可以做出相應(yīng)的選擇+sectors 或 +size{K,M,G}

  Command (m for help): p #用p打印出已建好的分區(qū)列表

  Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes

  8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors

  Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x00000000

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux

  #剩下的三個(gè)分區(qū)的建立操作同上

  #分好四個(gè)主分區(qū)后的情況如下

  Command (m for help): p

  Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes

  8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors

  Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x00000000

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb4 309248 309298 25+ 83 Linux

  #已經(jīng)建好四個(gè)主分區(qū)啦,現(xiàn)在我們來看看如果再建主分區(qū)或是擴(kuò)展分區(qū)的話會(huì)出現(xiàn)怎樣的情況:

  Command (m for help): n

  You must delete some partition and add an extended partition first

  #看到了吧,不能再建分區(qū)啦!要再建分區(qū)的話必須刪除some分區(qū),再新建一個(gè)擴(kuò)展分區(qū)才行。

  #現(xiàn)在,我們刪掉一個(gè)主分區(qū),來新建擴(kuò)展分區(qū)

  Command (m for help): d #刪除分區(qū)

  Partition number (1-4): 4 #選擇要?jiǎng)h除分區(qū)的分區(qū)號,我們選第四個(gè)

  Command (m for help): p #打印,如下,四個(gè)分區(qū)變成了三個(gè)!

  Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes

  8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors

  Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x00000000

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux

  #新建一個(gè)擴(kuò)展分區(qū)

  #如果在沒有建滿三個(gè)主分的區(qū)的情況下建立擴(kuò)展分區(qū),相關(guān)選項(xiàng)會(huì)有些不同。

  Command (m for help): n

  Command action

  e extended

  p primary partition (1-4)

  e

  Selected partition 4

  First sector (309248-496127, default 309248): #enter,默認(rèn)

  Using default value 309248

  Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (309248-496127, default 496127): #enter,默認(rèn),使用剩余空間

  Using default value 496127

  Command (m for help): p

  Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes

  8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors

  Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x00000000

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb4 309248 496127 93440 5 Extended

  #接下來,我們在新建的擴(kuò)展分區(qū)里再新建兩個(gè)邏輯分區(qū),因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)有了三個(gè)主分區(qū),這里不會(huì)再顯示是建立邏輯分區(qū)還是主分區(qū)的提示!

  Command (m for help): n

  First sector (311296-496127, default 311296): #enter

  Using default value 311296

  Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (311296-496127, default 496127): +50M

  Command (m for help): n

  First sector (415744-496127, default 415744): #enter

  Using default value 415744

  Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (415744-496127, default 496127): #enter

  Using default value 496127

  Command (m for help): p

  Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes

  8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors

  Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x00000000

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb4 309248 496127 93440 5 Extended

  /dev/sdb5 311296 413695 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb6 415744 496127 40192 83 Linux

  #上面的列表,就是我們今天分區(qū)的成果啦!接下來保存退出,重啟計(jì)算機(jī),就可以進(jìn)行下一步的mkfs操作啦!如果忘記了相關(guān)的操作命令,記得按m!!!

  Command (m for help): w #保存

  The partition table has been altered!

  Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

  Syncing disks.

  另:在建好分區(qū)后,我們還可以更改相關(guān)分區(qū)的文件系統(tǒng)類型

  #如,我們要把第二個(gè)主分區(qū)改成Linux下的交換分區(qū),操作如下

  Command (m for help): t #更改文件系統(tǒng)類型

  Partition number (1-6): 2 #選擇第二個(gè)分區(qū)

  Hex code (type L to list codes): L #選擇要更改的文件系統(tǒng)編碼,可以按L來查看相關(guān)編碼信息。

  0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris

  1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  ............

  16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS

  17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE

  18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto

  1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep

  1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT

  1e Hidden W95 FAT1

  Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 #查找到linux swap的編碼為82

  Changed system type of partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)

  Command (m for help): p

  ..............

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 82 Linux swap / Solaris

  /dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb4 309248 496127 93440 5 Extended

  /dev/sdb5 311296 413695 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb6 415744 496127 40192 83 Linux

  #最后別忘了保存!如果你須要的話!

  #擴(kuò)展分區(qū)不能直接使用,邏輯分區(qū)只能建立在擴(kuò)展分區(qū)上!

  第二步:mkfs(mkfs時(shí)分區(qū)的格式最好與fdisk設(shè)定的分區(qū)格式一致,不然.......)

  mkfs支持ext2 ext3 vfa msdos jfs reiserfs等文件系統(tǒng)。

  用法1:mkfs -t

  例: mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb2

  用法2:mkfs.

  例:mkfs,vfat /dev/sdb3

  mke2fs支持ext2/ext3文件系統(tǒng)

  用法:mke2fs [-j]

  例:mke2fs -j /dev/sdb5

  # 更多更具體的用法請參照相關(guān)命令的man手冊

  下面,接著實(shí)驗(yàn):

  例一

  [root@novice ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1

  mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

  Filesystem label=

  OS type: Linux

  Block size=1024 (log=0)

  Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

  Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

  12824 inodes, 51200 blocks

  2560 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

  First data block=1

  Maximum filesystem blocks=52428800

  7 block groups

  8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group

  1832 inodes per group

  Superblock backups stored on blocks:

  8193, 24577, 40961

  Writing inode tables: done

  Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

  Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

  This filesystem will be automatically checked every 34 mounts or

  180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

  例二:

  [root@novice ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

  Command (m for help): t

  Partition number (1-6): 6

  Hex code (type L to list codes): L

  0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris

  1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-

  4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx

  5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data

  6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .

  7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility

  .........

  Hex code (type L to list codes): 7

  Changed system type of partition 6 to 7 (HPFS/NTFS)

  Command (m for help): p

  Disk /dev/sdb: 254 MB, 254017536 bytes

  8 heads, 61 sectors/track, 1016 cylinders, total 496128 sectors

  Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

  Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

  Disk identifier: 0x00000000

  Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

  /dev/sdb1 2048 104447 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb2 104448 206847 51200 82 Linux swap / Solaris

  /dev/sdb3 206848 309247 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb4 309248 496127 93440 5 Extended

  /dev/sdb5 311296 413695 51200 83 Linux

  /dev/sdb6 415744 496127 40192 7 HPFS/NTFS

  Command (m for help): w

  The partition table has been altered!

  Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

  Syncing disks.

  [root@novice ~]# mkfs.ntfs /dev/sdb6

  Cluster size has been automatically set to 4096 bytes.

  Initializing device with zeroes: 100% - Done.

  Creating NTFS volume structures.

  mkntfs completed successfully. Have a nice day.

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