虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法
虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人所說(shuō)的話并不是事實(shí),而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑或推測(cè)。該語(yǔ)法主要用于if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,也可用于主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句等。
1. if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的判斷。if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句。假設(shè)條件可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的句子為真實(shí)條件句,反之為非真實(shí)條件句,要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其形式分為以下三種:
(1) 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。結(jié)構(gòu)為:從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式,系動(dòng)詞用were,主句的謂語(yǔ)用“should (would, could, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形”。例如:
If I were in your position, I would marry her. 如果我是你,我就娶她為妻。
(2) 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。結(jié)構(gòu)為:從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had + 過(guò)去分詞”,主句用“should (would, could, might) + have + 過(guò)去分詞”。例如:
If it had not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis. 如果昨天沒(méi)有下大雨,我們就能玩網(wǎng)球了。
(3) 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。結(jié)構(gòu)為:從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should (were to) + 動(dòng)詞原形”,主句用“should
(would, could, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形”。 例如:
If you should miss the chance, you would feel sorry for it. 如果你錯(cuò)過(guò)了這次機(jī)會(huì),你會(huì)難過(guò)的。
2. 賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
(1) wish后接賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:根據(jù)從句的意義來(lái)判斷。
A: 表示與現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的愿望,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
I wish they were not so late. 要是他們來(lái)得不是這么晚就好了。
B: 表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
I wished he hadn't done that. 我真希望那件事不是他做的。
(2) 表示“要求、建議、命令”等動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有:advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest等。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”,其中should 可以省去。例如:
I insisted that he (should) go with us. 我堅(jiān)持讓他和我們一起去。
注意:當(dāng)insist 表示“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”、suggest表示“表明,顯示”時(shí),不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:
He insisted that she was honest. 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為她是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。
3. 主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
(1) It be + 形容詞 + that... (should)...。用于該句型的形容詞有:necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising等。例如:
It's natural that he should feel hurt. 他感到疼是很正常的。
(2) It be + 過(guò)去分詞 + that... (should)...。用于該結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞是表示“建議、請(qǐng)求、命令”等詞的過(guò)去分詞。如: desired, suggested, requested, ordered, proposed等。例如:
It is desired that the building of the house be completed next month. 真希望這所房子在下個(gè)月前就能竣工。
(3) It is time (about time / high time) that... + (過(guò)去時(shí)或should + 動(dòng)詞原形)...。例如:
It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home. 我該回家了。
(4) 表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要具體內(nèi)容解釋的名詞后要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為:should + 動(dòng)詞原形,連接從句的that不能省略。例如:
My suggestion is that we should go there at once. 我的建議是我們應(yīng)該馬上去那兒。
4. 省略形式。有時(shí)可以把含有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if 省去,而將had, should, were 等詞提到主語(yǔ)之前,即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這時(shí),如果出現(xiàn)not等否定詞時(shí)需放在主語(yǔ)后面。例如:
If she had been here five minutes earlier she would have seen her old friend. → Had she been here five minutes earlier she would have seen her old friend. 如果她早到五分鐘,她就會(huì)看見(jiàn)她的老朋友了。