現(xiàn)在分詞語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解
現(xiàn)在分詞語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解
現(xiàn)在分詞語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)詳解
現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語(yǔ)。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說(shuō)向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：
?、佻F(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)放在名詞后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來(lái)的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親。
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
?、诂F(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. The present situation is inspiring. 鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí)，而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
?、圩髻e語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?He kept the car waiting at the gate.
?、茏鳡钫Z(yǔ)：
A. 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
B. 作原因狀語(yǔ)： Being a League member, he is always helping others.
C.作方式狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
D.作條件狀語(yǔ)： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
E. 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
F.作目的狀語(yǔ)： He went swimming the other day.
G.作讓步狀語(yǔ)： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
H.與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽車時(shí)，一只鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
The window is broken. They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 過(guò)去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。區(qū)別：
The window is broken.(系表)The window was broken by the boy.(被動(dòng))
有些過(guò)去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。如：
boiled water(開有時(shí)也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。
E. 作獨(dú)立成分：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個(gè)演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，女孩子更細(xì)心。
5 過(guò)去分詞 ：過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由原形動(dòng)詞詞尾加-ed構(gòu)成.不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則，要一一記住 。
過(guò)去分詞的句法功能：
1)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。
注意當(dāng)過(guò)去分詞是單詞時(shí)，一般用于名詞前，如果是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，就放在名詞的后面。過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。
(2)過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)：
fallen leaves(落葉)newly arrived goods(新到的貨)
the risen sun(升起的太陽(yáng))the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過(guò)去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
(3) 過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞做with短語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：With the work done, they went out to play.
(4)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. (表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. (表示時(shí)間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.