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學(xué)習(xí)啦 > 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ) > 英語(yǔ)知識(shí)大全 > 初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

時(shí)間: 玉蓮928 分享

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

  語(yǔ)法是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的一個(gè)分支,研究按確定用法來(lái)運(yùn)用的"詞類"、"詞"的曲折變化或表示相互關(guān)系的其他手段以及詞在句中的功能和關(guān)系。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法,供大家參閱!

  初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:some和any的用法

  some 的用法

  some 一些,某些,某個(gè)??纱婷~和形容詞。常用于肯定句。在句子中用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)時(shí),它可以修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,也可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞。

  1. 用于肯定句

  Ask some boys to help you.(修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)

  叫些男孩來(lái)幫助你。

  Please bring some coffee.(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)

  請(qǐng)拿些咖啡來(lái)。

  Ask some girl to come here.(修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)

  叫(某)個(gè)女孩來(lái)這兒。

  2. some 用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí)表示“請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)或希望得到肯定的回答”。

  Would you like some coffee?(表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng))

  請(qǐng)喝咖啡。

  Have you some stamps?(希望得到肯定的回答)

  你有郵票吧?

  any 的用法

  any 一些,任何。可代替名詞和形容詞。常用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句,也可以用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句。作定語(yǔ)時(shí),它可以修飾復(fù)數(shù)形式的可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

  1. 用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句

  Are there any cows in the fields?(修飾復(fù)數(shù)形式的可數(shù)名詞)

  田里有一些牛嗎?

  There won't be any trouble.(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)

  沒(méi)有任何麻煩。

  2. 用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句

  If there is any trouble, let me know.

  如果有什么麻煩,要讓我知道。

  3. any 用于肯定句時(shí),通常要重讀,修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

  Any time you want me, just send for me.

  什么時(shí)候你需要我,隨時(shí)叫我來(lái)。

  Come any day you like.

  只要你喜歡,隨時(shí)可以來(lái)。

  初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:動(dòng)詞不定式

  動(dòng)詞不定式可以作以上各種成分,但它畢竟是動(dòng)詞,所以有動(dòng)詞的屬性。

  動(dòng)詞不定式及其短語(yǔ)還可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ),雖然動(dòng)詞不定式在語(yǔ)法上沒(méi)有表面上的直接主語(yǔ),但它表達(dá)的意義是動(dòng)作,這一動(dòng)作一定由使動(dòng)者發(fā)出。這一使動(dòng)者我們稱之為 邏輯主語(yǔ),其形式如下:

  (1)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。如:

  It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to be invited是被邀請(qǐng))

  It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主語(yǔ))

  I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作賓語(yǔ))

  Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定語(yǔ))

  He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作狀語(yǔ))

  在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語(yǔ)的不定式可用被動(dòng),也可用主動(dòng)。如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有時(shí)兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)

  (2)時(shí)態(tài)

  1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí):一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。

  He seems to know this.

  I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。

  2) 完成時(shí):表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。

  I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

  He seems to have caught a cold.

  3) 進(jìn)行時(shí):表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

  He seems to be eating something.

  4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí):

  She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

  一般在情緒后加to do to do 也表將來(lái)

  編輯本段疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問(wèn)詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表 語(yǔ)等。如:

 ?、賅hen to leave for London has not been decided yet. (不定式在句子中做主語(yǔ))

  ②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式在句子中做賓語(yǔ))

 ?、跧 asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. (不定式在句子中做直接賓語(yǔ))

 ?、躎he question was where to get the medicine needed. (不定式在句子中表語(yǔ))

  以上例句中疑問(wèn)詞+不定式部分,均可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的從句形式。如:①When we shall leave…③…how I

  could learn…

  經(jīng)常在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中使用的動(dòng)詞有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。

  編輯本段語(yǔ)法功能一、作主語(yǔ)

  動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù),其位置有以下兩種:

  (1)把不定式置于句首。如:

  To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

  (2)用it作形式主語(yǔ),把真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:

 ?、買t+be+名詞+to do

  It's our duty to take good care of the old.

 ?、贗t takes sb+some time+to do

  How long did it take you to finish the work?

 ?、跧t+be+形容詞+for sb+to do

  It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an h

  It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.

 ?、躀t seems(appears)+形容詞+to do

  It seemed impossible to save money.

  在句型③中,常用表示客觀情況的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞。在不定式前的sb,可看作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于Sb is+形容詞+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.

  (3)舉例

  (1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了

  easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;

  the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

  It's so nice to hear your voice.

  聽到你的聲音真高興。

  It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

  當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候,鎖車是有必要的。

  (2) It's very kind of him to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。

  Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

  例句:

  It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。

  It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。

  注意:(1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如,look,appear等也可用于此句型

  (2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

  (3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不能用It is… to…的句型

  (對(duì))To see is to believe. 眼見為實(shí)。

  (錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.

  初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:動(dòng)詞不規(guī)則變化

  A. 原形與過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞完全相同.

  cost----cost----cost cut----cut----cut put----put----put

  let----let----let set----set----set hit----hit----hit

  shut----shut----shut hurt---hurt----hurt read---read----read 讀音 /e/

  lie---lied---lied 說(shuō)謊 lay---laid---laid 放置,下蛋

  lay--- lain 躺下,位于,平放

  B. 過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞完全相同

  1. 過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞中含有ought, aught, 讀音是〔 :t〕

  bright----brought----brought think----thought----thought buy----bought----bought

  catch----caught----caught teach ---- taught ----taught

  2. 動(dòng)詞原形中的e為o,變成過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞。

  get----got----got sell----sold----sold tell----told----told

  3. 動(dòng)詞原形中i為a, … sit----sat----sat spit----spat----spat

  4. 動(dòng)詞原形中i為o, … win----won----won shine----shone/ shined----shone / shined

  5. 動(dòng)詞原形中an為oo, … stand----stood---stood understand----understood----understood

  6. 動(dòng)詞原形中的ay為ai,… say----said----said pay----paid----paid

  7. a)動(dòng)詞原形中的d為t,… send----sent----sent lend----lent----lent

  spend----spent----spent build----built----built

  b ) 動(dòng)詞原形最后一個(gè)字母改為t , … smell----smelt----smelt lose----lost----lost

  c ) 動(dòng)詞原形后加一個(gè)字母t, … learn----learnt----learnt mean----meant----meant 讀/e/

  d ) 動(dòng)詞原形中的ee去掉一個(gè)字母e, 然后在詞尾加t. 字母e發(fā)音/e/

  feel----felt----felt sleep----slept----slept sweep---swept----swept

  keep---- kept----- kept

  其它meet----met----met have----had----had hold----held----held

  make----made----made dig----dug----dug hear----heard----heard

  find----found----found hang----hung ----hung

  C.原型與過(guò)去分詞相同

  come----came----come run----ran----run become----became----become

  D. 原形,過(guò)去式, 和 過(guò)去分詞完全不同

  1. 把動(dòng)詞原形中i改為a變成過(guò)去式,改成u變成過(guò)去分詞.

  begin ---- began -----begun drink---drank----drunk ring----rang-----rung

  swim----swam----swum sing----sang----sung

  2. 把動(dòng)詞原形中o改為e變成過(guò)去式,在原形詞尾加n變成過(guò)去分詞.

  blow----blew----blown grow----grew----grown know---knew---known

  throw ---- threw ---- thrown fly ----flew /flu:/ ----flown ( 和以上相似)

  3. 以下動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞都以en結(jié)尾,故把它們分為一類.

  a ) 把動(dòng)詞原形中i改為o變成過(guò)去式,在詞尾加n變成過(guò)去分詞.

  drive----drove----driven rise---rose---risen write---wrote---written (雙寫t )

  ride----rode----ridden (雙寫d )

  b ) 把動(dòng)詞原形中ea改為o, 在詞尾加e變成過(guò)去式,在過(guò)去式后加n變成過(guò)去分詞.

  speak----spoke----spoken steal----stole----stolen break----broke----broken

  c ) 把動(dòng)詞原形中的個(gè)別字母或字母組合改為o變成過(guò)去式, 在過(guò)去式后加n變成過(guò)去詞.

  wake----woke----woken freeze----froze----frozen

  choose----chose----chosen forget----forgot----forgotten (雙寫t,加en )

  d) 其它過(guò)去分詞以en結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞

  eat----ate----eaten beat---- beat ---- beaten fall----fell----fallen

  give----gave----given see----saw----seen take----took----taken

  mistake---- mistook----- mistaken hide----hid----hidden (雙寫d )

  E. 沒(méi)有過(guò)去分詞的動(dòng)詞

  can ----- could - may---- might - shall---- should- will ---- would -

  其它

  am, is ---- was----- been are-----were----- been do-----did----- done

  draw-----drew----- drawn/ :/ go-----went----- gone show----showed----shown

  wear--- wore ---- worn

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