高中英語語法總結(jié)
懂一點(diǎn)語法，在英語閱讀方面的理解會更加透徹。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的高中英語語法的相關(guān)知識，供大家參閱!
高中英語語法：助動詞
一.概念:
助動詞是幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài),語氣以及否定或疑問結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞.助動詞分為時(shí)態(tài)助動詞和結(jié)構(gòu)助動詞兩種.
二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講:
1. 助動詞be的用法
1) be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。
2) be + 過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。
3) be + 動詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：
a. 表示最近、未來的計(jì)劃或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我們要教新生。
說明： 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 對此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
c. 征求意見。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他?
Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢?
d. 表示相約、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。
2. 助動詞have的用法
1)have +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在學(xué)英語，已達(dá)十年之久。
3)have +been +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動語態(tài)。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中國教英語已經(jīng)多年。
3.助動詞do 的用法
1)構(gòu)成一般疑問句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學(xué)英語測試嗎?
Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過德語嗎?
2)do + not 構(gòu)成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想學(xué)習(xí)。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
過去，好多學(xué)生不知道英語的重要性。
3) 構(gòu)成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。
說明： 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4)放在動詞原形前，加強(qiáng)該動詞的語氣。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會。
I did go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。
I do miss you. 我確實(shí)想你。
5)用于倒裝句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽說過這樣的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 進(jìn)了大學(xué)以后，我們才認(rèn)識到英語的重要性。
說明： 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代動詞。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎?
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜歡。(do用作代動詞，代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何開車，對吧?
4. 助動詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說明：在過去的語法中，語法學(xué)家說shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱?，F(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞，試比較:
He shall come. 他必須來。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要來。(will只與動詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。)
5.助動詞should, would的用法
1)should無詞義，只是shall的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，只用于第一人稱。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話，問他我下周干什么。
比較："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我問道。
可以說，shall變成間接引語時(shí)，變成了should。
2) would也無詞義，是will的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，用于第二、第三人稱。例如：
He said he would come. 他說他要來。
比較："I will go," he said. 他說："我要去那兒。"變成間接引語，就成了He said he would come。原來的will變成would，go變成了come.。
6. 短語動詞
動詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動詞作用的短語叫短語動詞。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。(turn off是短語動詞)
短語動詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾種：
1)動詞+副詞，如：black out;
2)動詞+介詞，如：look into;
3)動詞+副詞+介詞，如：look forward to。構(gòu)成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞
高中英語語法：情態(tài)動詞
一.概念:
情態(tài)動詞是表示能力,義務(wù),必須,猜測等說話人的語氣或情態(tài)的動詞.
二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講:
1.can
1)表能力
can表能力時(shí)意味著憑體力或腦力或技術(shù)等可以無甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬這根桿子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4歲，但已認(rèn)得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火燒不毀金子。
因?yàn)閏an不能和其他助動詞連用，所以表示將來式時(shí)用will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你練習(xí)兩三次后就會溜冰了。
2)表可能性
多用于否定與疑問結(jié)構(gòu)中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true? 這消息可能是真的嗎?
It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思?
can 用在肯定句中表示理論上的可能性(一時(shí)的可能)。
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.
Attending the ball can be very exciting.
The road can be blocked. 這條路可能會不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示現(xiàn)實(shí)的可能性。
The road may be blocked. 這條路可能不通了。
3)表示允許(和may意思相近)常見于口語。
Can (May) I come in ? 我能進(jìn)來嗎?
Can I smoke here ? 我可以在這里抽煙嗎?
2.could的用法
1)表過去的可能和許可，(多用于間接引語中)
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那時(shí)我們認(rèn)為所說的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸說我可以在河里游泳。
2)表過去的能力
I could swim when I was only six.
我剛六歲就能游泳。
Could在肯定句中表示過去的能力時(shí)，常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.
他小時(shí)候會是很頑皮的。
3)表“允許”?？杀硎疚窨蜌獾奶岢鰡栴}或陳述看法
Could I use your bike?
Yes, you can.
他會記得那時(shí)嗎?
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.
恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.
老師說你可以去商店買糖。
3)Could/can+have done 結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去發(fā)生的事情的“懷疑”或“不肯定”。 could 加完成式還用于肯定句時(shí)一般表過去可能完成而卻未完成的動作。
Can they have won the basketball match?
他們贏了那場籃球賽嗎?
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你剛剛所談到的可能令他很傷心。
You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本來能早點(diǎn)完成任務(wù)的。(但事實(shí)上并沒有提前完成任務(wù))
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本可以輕易通過考試，但我犯了太多不該犯的錯(cuò)誤。
如表具體做某一件事的能力時(shí)，則須用 be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
他可以不用詞典翻譯那篇文章。
Can表示一貫的能力 ，be able to表示客觀能力和通過努力可以達(dá)到的能力
I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3.may 的用法
1)表示請求、可以、允許。
You may drive the tractor. 你可以開那臺拖拉機(jī)。
2)當(dāng)回答由may 引起的問題時(shí)，否定答語要用must not,表示“不許可”、“不應(yīng)該”、“不行”。
May I come in?
Yes, you may.
No,you can’t
No, you may not .
No ,you mustn’t
No ,you’d better not.
3) may /might 推測性用法 可能
He may be right.
He may not come today (可能不)
He may /might come tomorrow.
, 注意: 1只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑問句中。
2 might 比may可能性更小
He might get a job.
He may get a job.
3 may no 可能不 can not不可能
He may not come
He can’t come
3)表建議(可和as well 連用)
You may(might)as well stay where you are.
你還是原地待著好。(may as well 有“還是……的好”的含義)
4)表祝愿
May you be happy!
might
1)表過去的“可能”和“允許”多用于間接引語。
She said that he might take her dictionary.
她說他可以拿她的詞典去用。
除在間接引語中外，might一般不表示過去的“可能”與“許可”。表過去的“可能”可用could，表過去的“許可”可用were (was) allowed to。
2)表現(xiàn)在的“可能”，其可能性要比may小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
電熨斗會有危險(xiǎn)，它可能電著人。
3)may (might) + have +done 表示對過去發(fā)生行為的推測，含有“想必”、“也許是”的意思。
It may have been true. 這事也許是真的。
He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解決那個(gè)問題。
4.must 的主要用法。
1)表示必須、必要
We must do everything step by step .我們必須按部就班地做一切事情。
Why must you always bother me? 為什么你偏要打擾我呢。
2)must be + 表語的結(jié)構(gòu)，通常表示猜測，含有“一定”之意。(只用在肯定句中)
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是個(gè)誠實(shí)的男孩。
This must be your room. 這一定是你的房間。
3)must 的否定式有兩個(gè)：當(dāng)回答由must引起的問題時(shí)，否定答復(fù)要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“無須”、“用不著”、“不一定”的意義。當(dāng)表示“不應(yīng)該”、“不許可”、“禁止”時(shí)，就用must not。
Must I go tomorrow?明天我必須去嗎?
Yes, please.是的，請吧!
No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去。
4)must +have +過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，常用在肯定句中，表示對過去發(fā)生行為的推測，含有“一定”、“準(zhǔn)是”的意思。否定和疑問句用can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定學(xué)過英語。
5.have to的含義與must是很接近的,只是have to 比較強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要，must著重說明主觀看法。
I must clean the room.(主觀想法)
I have to clean the room.(客觀需要)
另外，have to 能用于更多時(shí)態(tài)：
We had to be there at ten .我們得在十點(diǎn)鐘到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.
這一切我們將不得不重新加以考慮。
have to 的否定式：don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
6.ought to 的用法
Ought to 后接動詞原形，表義務(wù)，但不及must 那樣具有信心，如：
You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.
你氣色不好，應(yīng)該去看病。
Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可縮略為oughtn’t ，如：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。
也可以用于疑問句，如：
Ought you to smoke so much?你應(yīng)該抽這樣多煙嗎?
Ought to 在間接引語中表過去時(shí)形式不變，如：
He said you ought to tell the police.
他說你應(yīng)該去報(bào)告警察。
7.shall的用法
1)用于第一人稱征求對方的意見，如：
What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢?
Shall we dance? 我們跳舞好嗎?
2)shall 用于第二、三人稱時(shí)表允諾，警告，命令，威脅(現(xiàn)已少見)，如：
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以將它拿回。
情態(tài)動詞should一般不應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是情態(tài)動詞shall的過去式，主要用法有：
1)用于第一人稱疑問句中詢問對方的意愿，但語氣較委婉溫和，如：
What should we do now? 我們現(xiàn)在該怎么辦?
2)表示應(yīng)該、必須，常與must 換用。例如：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我們應(yīng)當(dāng)至少掌握一門外語。
3)“should+be+表語”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示推測或驚奇。例如：
They should be back by now. 他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該回來了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遺憾她竟會那樣粗心。
4)“should+have+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示過去該做而實(shí)際上尚未做的動作或行為;其否定則表示發(fā)生了不應(yīng)該發(fā)生的行為。其同義結(jié)構(gòu)“ought to have +過去分詞”,表示過去“早應(yīng)該”、“本當(dāng)”之意，語氣較強(qiáng)。例如：
I should have thought of that. 這一點(diǎn)我是應(yīng)當(dāng)想到的。(但沒想到)
They should not have left so soon.他們不應(yīng)當(dāng)走得這么早。(但已走了)
5) 在“It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”句型中，主語從句中的謂語動詞要用should +動詞原形”表示“理所當(dāng)然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“驚異”等的意思。在lest(以免)、for fear (that) (以防)、in case(以備萬一)等之后也要用should+動詞原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的從句中should+do”例如：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.
有必要馬上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so. 他會說這樣的話真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.
我們馬上走吧，以免趕不上火車。
8..will和would的用法
1)表示意志，決心或愿望。例如：
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
我們一定要支持全世界人民爭取和平的斗爭。
He would not let me try it . 他不肯讓我去試。
2)will表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性、傾向性，would表示過去的習(xí)慣行為。
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他會經(jīng)常一連幾個(gè)小時(shí)坐在那兒觀看來往的車輛。
He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
他在北京時(shí)，常來看望我。
3)用于第二人稱作主語的疑問句中，表示對對方的請求，would的語氣比will委碗
Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 請問到火車站怎么走?
4)表可能性
This will be the book you are looking for.
這可能就是你要找的書。
She eould be about 60 when she died.
他死時(shí)大概60歲。
9. need和dare的用法
情態(tài)動詞need 實(shí)義動詞 need
現(xiàn) You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do
在
時(shí) He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
過 You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
時(shí) He needed (didn’t need) to do
將 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
來
時(shí) He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 時(shí)態(tài) 動詞
情態(tài)動詞dare 實(shí)義動詞 dare
肯定句 現(xiàn)在時(shí) dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
過去時(shí) dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 現(xiàn)在時(shí) daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
過去時(shí) dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑問句 現(xiàn)在時(shí) Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
過去時(shí) Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have v-ed 表示過去做了某事，但沒有做的必要， 意為“本沒必要…”。例如：
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today
10.表推測的情態(tài)動詞句子的反意疑問句
He must/may be in the room, isn’t he?
He can’t be in the room, is he?
He must have finished the work, hasn’t he?
He may have done the work last night, didn’t he?
?。呵閼B(tài)動詞+行為動詞進(jìn)行式
情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞進(jìn)行式(即情態(tài)動詞+ be + v-ing形式)，表示推測或評論某動作現(xiàn)在是否正在進(jìn)行。例如：
1)He must be playing basketball in the room.
2)She may be staying at home.
11.情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞完成進(jìn)行式
情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞完成進(jìn)行式(即情態(tài)動詞+ have been + v-ing 形式)，表示推測或評論過去某動作是否正在進(jìn)行或一直在進(jìn)行。例如：
1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
(1)used to +v意為“過去常常”，“過去一直”;be used to +v-ing / n(名詞)意為“習(xí)慣于”;be used to +v意為“被用來(做某事)”。
(2)used to只表示過去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)?。例如?/p>
1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.
2)He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3)The knife is used to cut bread.
13.用作情態(tài)動詞的其他短語
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情態(tài)動詞。例如：
1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3)I’d rather walk than take a bus.
4)If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注：這些短語后一般直接跟動詞原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引導(dǎo)的從句，that 常省去，從句要用虛擬語氣。對現(xiàn)在和將來的假設(shè)用過去時(shí)，對過去的假設(shè)用過去完成時(shí)。例如：
1)I would rather you came on Sunday.
2)I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.
高中英語語法：分詞
一.概念:
分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種,是一種非謂語動詞形式
二.相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講:
1.現(xiàn)在分詞的用法：
1) 做表語：
he was very amusing.
that book was rather boring.
很多動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作表語：
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
2) 作定語：
上面所出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語, 修飾一個(gè)名詞：
that must have been a terrifying experience.
i found him a charming person.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以放在名詞的后面修飾名詞, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句：
there are a few boys swimming in the river.
there is a car waiting outside.
3) 作狀語：
現(xiàn)在分詞短語可以表示一個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的次要的或伴隨的動作：
following tom, we started to climb the mountain.
opening the drawer, he took out a box.
taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句：
not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語還可以表示時(shí)間, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句：
hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
returning home, he began to do his homework.
jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
be careful when crossing the road.
having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
having finished her work, she went home.
4)作賓補(bǔ)：
現(xiàn)在分詞在一些動詞之后可以做賓語的補(bǔ)語：
例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.
i see him passing my house every day.
i caught him stealing things in that shop.
i smelt something burning.
she kept him working all day.
2.過去分詞的用法：
1) 作表語：
we were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
she felt confused, and even frightened.
they were very pleased with the girl.
i’m satisfied with your answer.
he is not interested in research.
2) 作定語：
she has a pleased look on her face.
the teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
cooked food a written report
fried eggs boiled water
frozen food armed forces
required courses fallen leaves
finished products a forced smile
the risen sun new arrived visitors
what’s the language spoken in that country?
they’re problem left over by history.
the play put on by the teachers was a big success.
is there anybody injured?
do you know the number of books ordered?
3)作狀語：
seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
given good health, i hope to finish the work this year.
they came in, followed by some children.
depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
when treated with kindness, he was very amiable.
4)作賓補(bǔ)：
過去分詞也同樣可以作賓語的補(bǔ)語， 接在某些動詞后面
i will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
when they get back home, they found the room robbed.
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