英文基本語(yǔ)法(2)
英文基本語(yǔ)法:句子成分
由不同詞類的單詞,按照一定的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則組合在一起,能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意思的語(yǔ)言單位叫做句子。一個(gè)句子由各個(gè)功能不同的部分構(gòu)成,這些部分叫做句子成分(members of
the sentence)。英語(yǔ)的句子成分有八種:主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)分述如下:
(一)主語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)(subject)是句子所要說明的人或事物,是句子的主體。主語(yǔ)的位置通常在句首,一般不省略。可以擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和主語(yǔ)從句。例如: Walls have ears.
隔墻有耳。(名詞做主語(yǔ))
He will take you to the hospital.
他會(huì)帶你去醫(yī)院。(代詞做主語(yǔ))
Three plus four equals seven.
三加四等于七。(數(shù)詞做主語(yǔ))
To see is to believe.
眼見為實(shí)。(動(dòng)詞不定式做主語(yǔ))
Smoking is not allowed in public places.
公共場(chǎng)所不允許吸煙。(動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ))
Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.
他們來不來取決與天氣。(從句做主語(yǔ))
(二)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(predicate verb)是說明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的句子成分。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的位置一般在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加其他動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式也構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。例如:
Action speaks louder than words.
百說不如一干。
The chance may never come again.
這樣的機(jī)會(huì)恐怕不會(huì)再來。
Tom was very sick at heart.
湯姆心里非常難過。
Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.
自1994年以來,瑪麗一直在那家服裝店工作。
(三)表語(yǔ)
表語(yǔ)(predicative)是用來說明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)的,它的位置在系動(dòng)詞之后??勺鞅碚Z(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、形容詞與分詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞以及表語(yǔ)從句等。例如:
My father is a professor.
我父親是一位教授。(名詞作表語(yǔ))
Who's that? It's me.
是誰(shuí)呀?是我。(代詞作表語(yǔ))
Everything here is dear to her.
這里的一切她都感到親切。(形容詞作表語(yǔ))
The match became very exciting.
比賽變得很緊張。(分詞作表語(yǔ))
The story of my life may be of help to others.
我的生活經(jīng)歷對(duì)別人可能有幫助。(介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ))
Three times five is fifteen.
三乘五等于十五。(數(shù)詞作表語(yǔ))
His plan is to seek work in the city.
他的計(jì)劃是在城里找工作。(動(dòng)詞不等式作表語(yǔ))
My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.
我最初的想法是你應(yīng)當(dāng)掩飾你的感情。(從句作表語(yǔ))
(四)賓語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)(object)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,是動(dòng)作的承受者。賓語(yǔ)一般放在及物動(dòng)詞之后。英語(yǔ)介詞后也會(huì)跟賓語(yǔ)??勺髻e語(yǔ)的有名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞等。不定式也可作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。例如:
she covered her face with her hands.
她用雙手蒙住臉。(名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ))
We haven't seen her for a long time.
我們好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒看到她了。(代詞作賓語(yǔ))
Do you mind opening the window?
打開窗戶你介意嗎?(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ))
Give me four please.
請(qǐng)給我四個(gè)。(數(shù)詞作賓語(yǔ))
He wants to dream a nice dream.
他想做一個(gè)好夢(mèng)。(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ))
We need to know what others are doing.
我們需要了解其他人都在干什么。(從句作賓語(yǔ))
I lived in Japan in 1986.
我1986 年住在日本。(名詞和數(shù)詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ))
(五)定語(yǔ)
定語(yǔ)(attribute)是修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的名詞之前;短語(yǔ)和從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則放在它所修飾的名詞之后。作定語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、分詞及其短語(yǔ)、不等式及其短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)以及定語(yǔ)從句等。例如:
They are woman workers.
她們是女工。(名詞作定語(yǔ))
Tom's father didn't write home until yesterday.
湯姆的父親直到昨天才給家里寫信。(所有格名詞作定語(yǔ))
Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.
應(yīng)當(dāng)實(shí)行同工同酬。(形容詞作定語(yǔ))
The play has three acts.
這出戲有三幕。(數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ))
This is her first trip to Europe.
這是她首次歐洲之行。(代詞、數(shù)詞和介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ))
China is a developing country.
中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。(分詞作定語(yǔ))
You haven't kept your promise to write us often.
你沒有遵守給我們經(jīng)常寫信的諾言。(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ))
My cat has a good nose for milk.
我的貓對(duì)牛奶嗅覺靈敏。(介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ))
Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.
想去西藏的人須在此簽名。(從句作定語(yǔ))
(六)狀語(yǔ)
狀語(yǔ)(adverbial)是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分。狀語(yǔ)表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨情況等。作狀語(yǔ)的有副詞、名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞及其短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式及其短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等。例如:
These products are selling quickly.
這些產(chǎn)品現(xiàn)在十分暢銷。(副詞作狀語(yǔ))
He is knee deep in snow.
他踩在齊膝深的雪里。(名詞作狀語(yǔ))
The best fish swim near the bottom.
好魚居水底。(有價(jià)值的東西不能輕易得到。)(介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ))
She sat there doing nothing.
她坐在那里無所事事。(分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ))
We'll send a car over to fetch you.
我們將派一輛車去接你。(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ))
She was slow to make up her mind.
她遲遲不能下決心。(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ))
Strike while the iron is hot.
趁熱打鐵。(從句作狀語(yǔ))
There is no such a word in English so far as I know.
據(jù)我所知,英語(yǔ)里沒有這樣一個(gè)詞。(從句作狀語(yǔ))
(七)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)有些及物動(dòng)詞,除了要有賓語(yǔ)之外,還要加上賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(object complement),才能使句子的意義完整。賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),原賓語(yǔ)成為主語(yǔ),原賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)相應(yīng)地變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(subject complement)??梢該?dān)當(dāng)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞等。例如:
They elected me captain of the team.
他們選我當(dāng)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。(名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
He made me ashamed of myself.
他使我感到慚愧。(形容詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
We found everything there in good order.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)那里的一切井井有條。(介詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
I should advise you not to miss the chance.
我勸你不要錯(cuò)過機(jī)會(huì)。(不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
I could feel my heart beating fast.
我可以感覺出自己的心跳得很快。(分詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
Some goods are left unsold.
有些貨物剩下未出售。(分詞做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)) She was elected director of public relations. 她被選為公關(guān)部主任。(名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
詞類與句子成分既有區(qū)別又有聯(lián)系。詞類是孤立的單詞的分類;而句子成分則指單詞、詞組、短語(yǔ)或從句在句中的作用。句子的各種成分總是由屬于一定詞類的單詞(或詞組、短語(yǔ)、從句)來?yè)?dān)當(dāng)?shù)?。因此在詞類和句子成分之間存在著某種對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞中的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞可以擔(dān)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞形式不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。介詞是虛詞的一種,不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分,但介詞加上其后的賓語(yǔ)所構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ),可在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)多種成分。