英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)
英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)
英語(yǔ)之中，你對(duì)于它的動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法了解多少?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法，供大家參閱!
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：系動(dòng)詞
系動(dòng)詞亦稱聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb)，作為系動(dòng)詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)(亦稱補(bǔ)語(yǔ))，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。
說(shuō)明：
有些系動(dòng)詞又是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，該動(dòng)詞表達(dá)實(shí)義時(shí)，有詞義，可單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，例如：
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系動(dòng)詞，后跟補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)情況。)
He fell off the ladder.
他從梯子上摔下來(lái)。fell是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。
1)狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞
用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(is與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份。)
2)持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞
用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。
3)表像系動(dòng)詞
用來(lái)表示"看起來(lái)像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起來(lái)很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來(lái)很傷心。
4)感官系動(dòng)詞
感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來(lái)很香。
5)變化系動(dòng)詞
這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒(méi)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就富了。
6)終止系動(dòng)詞
表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, trun out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。(turn out表終止性結(jié)果)
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：助動(dòng)詞should,would的用法
1)should無(wú)詞義，只是shall的過(guò)去形式，與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，只用于第一人稱，例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天給他打電話，問(wèn)他我下周干什么。
比較：
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么?"我問(wèn)道。(可以說(shuō)，shall變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，變成了should。)
2) would也無(wú)詞義，是will的過(guò)去形式，與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，用于第二、第三人稱，例如：
He said he would come. 他說(shuō)他要來(lái)。
比較：
"I will go," he said. 他說(shuō)："我要去那兒。"
變成間接引語(yǔ)，就成了：
He said he would come.
原來(lái)的will變成would，go變成了come.。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)，例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說(shuō)明：
在過(guò)去的語(yǔ)法中，語(yǔ)法學(xué)家說(shuō)shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱?，F(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞，試比較:
He shall come. 他必須來(lái)。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要來(lái)。(will只與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。)
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞例題及十大解題原則
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要包括to do, -ing和-ed三種形式，可是其用法非常廣泛，它不僅是高考單項(xiàng)選擇題測(cè)試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，而且也是完形填空、閱讀理解、短文改錯(cuò)的重要考查內(nèi)容。為了能更好地掌握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法，筆者在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中總結(jié)出十條實(shí)用的解題原則，并且還用相關(guān)的題目來(lái)解釋這些原則。根據(jù)這些原則，相信同學(xué)們可以輕松地應(yīng)對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
原則一、兩個(gè)句子必須要用連詞連接，如果沒(méi)有連詞連接，則需要用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
例1. _________ many times, but he still couldn't understand it.
A. Having been told B. Having told
C. He had been told D. Though he had been told
例2._________ many times, he still couldn't understand it.
A. Having been told B. Having told
C. He had been told D. Though he had told
解析：例1中有連詞but連接，表明前后都是句子，所以答案為C。
例2中后面是一個(gè)句子，而且沒(méi)有連詞，所以前面不是句子，應(yīng)該用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)句意此處為被動(dòng)，所以答案為A。
原則二、不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)-ed形式非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，及物動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用-ing形式，無(wú)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用-ed形式
例3. ____________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.
A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
解析：lose為及物動(dòng)詞，現(xiàn)在后面沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，所以用-ed形式，答案為B。
例4. __________, I really believe that I'd prefer not to make any change now.
A. Considered all the possibilities
B. Taking all the possibilities into consideration
C. Taken all the possibilities into consideration
D. Giving all the possibilities
解析：把。。?？紤]進(jìn)來(lái)結(jié)構(gòu)為take sth into consideration，現(xiàn)在take后面有賓語(yǔ)all the possibilities，所以用-ing形式，答案為B。
原則三、being done 表示“正在被”，一般不作狀語(yǔ)，只作定語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)形式to have done或having done強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前
例5. __ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
解析：根據(jù)句意“我們沒(méi)有打通電話，就給他們發(fā)了個(gè)郵件”，沒(méi)有打通電話應(yīng)該發(fā)生在發(fā)郵件之前，所以用having done，答案為D。
例6. Tim Bemers-Lee is generally considered _____ the World Wide Web, on which all the information is shared by all.
A. to have founded B. having founded
C. founding D. to found
解析：根據(jù)句意，Tim Bemers-Lee創(chuàng)立萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)應(yīng)該是過(guò)去的事情，而且be considered后面應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞不定式，所以應(yīng)該用to have done，答案為A。
原則四、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示將來(lái)用-to do，表正在進(jìn)行用-ing，表示已經(jīng)完成用-ed
例7. The play_____ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
A.produced B.being produced
C.to be produced D.having been produced
解析：根據(jù)本題中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)next month，可知the play將要于下月被創(chuàng)作出來(lái)，表將來(lái)應(yīng)該用to do，所以答案為C。
例8.The trees _____ in the storm have been moved off the road.
A. being blown down B. blown down
C. blowing down D. to blow down
解析：根據(jù)句意“被暴風(fēng)雨刮倒的樹(shù)已經(jīng)從路上移走了”，樹(shù)被刮倒是過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，表已經(jīng)完成用-ed形式，所以答案為B。
原則五、介詞后跟-ing形式，可以在-ing前加邏輯主語(yǔ)
例9. The discovery of new evidence led to ______________.
A. the thief having been caught B. the thief to be caught
C. catch the thief D. the thief being caught
解析：本題led to中的to是介詞，后面應(yīng)該用-ing形式，the thief作-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以答案為D。
例10. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ____ could be heard outside the classroom.
A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
解析：本題the noise of中的of是介詞，后面應(yīng)該用-ing形式，desks作-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以答案為C。
原則六、-ing形式或to do可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，-ed形式則不可以
例11. ___________ in a heavy traffic jam is quite an unpleasant experience.
A. Caught B. Having caught C. Being caught D. To catch
解析：本題中is為系動(dòng)詞，前面應(yīng)該作主語(yǔ)，用-ing形式，所以答案為C。
例12. ___twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
A. Examining B. Examined
C. Being examined D. Having been examined
解析：本題中is為系動(dòng)詞，前面應(yīng)該作主語(yǔ)，用-ing形式，所以答案為C。
原則七、be+-ed+介詞結(jié)構(gòu)?？砂裝e去掉保留-ed+介詞做狀語(yǔ)
例13.Michael's new house is like a huge palace, ______with his old one.
A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. compared
解析：“和。。。相比較”結(jié)構(gòu)為be compared with，現(xiàn)在做句子的狀語(yǔ)，所以只保留非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，把動(dòng)詞be去掉，答案為D。
例14 _______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
解析：“面對(duì)”結(jié)構(gòu)為be faced with, 現(xiàn)在做句子的狀語(yǔ)，所以只保留非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，把動(dòng)詞be去掉，答案為C。
原則八、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和句子主語(yǔ)保持一致，和句子主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)用-ing形式，構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系是用-ed形式。其邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，要在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加邏輯主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
例15. ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.
A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
解析：本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)和句子主語(yǔ)the postman一致，the postman應(yīng)該是被咬，所以答案為B。
例16._______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
解析：本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)和句子主語(yǔ)he一致, he 和walk應(yīng)該是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以答案為B。
例17. While watching television, __________.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
解析：根據(jù)“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和句子主語(yǔ)保持一致”的原則，watching的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)和后面句子主語(yǔ)一致，所以句子主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為“we”，答案為C。
例18. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day.
A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
解析：本題沒(méi)有連詞，所以后面應(yīng)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，the lessons是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)是“被完成”，所以答案為B。
原則九、不定式做狀語(yǔ)一般有兩種：目的狀語(yǔ)和出乎意料的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)(表示順其自然的結(jié)果用-ing形式)。另外，某些形容詞(表喜、怒、哀、樂(lè))做表語(yǔ)后跟不定式可以表示原因
例19._____, you need to give all you have and try your best.
A. Being a winner B. To be a winner
C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner
解析：根據(jù)句意“要想成為獲勝者，你要付出所有，盡最大努力”，此處表目的，所以答案為B。
例20. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _______ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
解析：本句句意為“記者們匆匆趕到機(jī)場(chǎng)，卻被告知明星們已經(jīng)走了”，表出乎意料的結(jié)果常常用only to do，所以答案為B。
例21. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, ________ in the natural light during the day.
A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
解析：本題句意為“玻璃門替換了木頭門，自然光就進(jìn)來(lái)了”，自然光進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)順其自然的結(jié)果，所以用doing, 答案為B。
例22.How glad I am ___________ you!
A. seeing B. to see C. saw D. having seen
解析： 本題是I am glad to see you 的感嘆句形式，to see you 是原因狀語(yǔ)，答案為B。
原則十、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定原則是在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加not，有not to do, not doing, not having done, not to have done幾種形式
例23.______that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
A. Not realized B. Not to realize
C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized
解析： 本題考查doing的否定形式not doing，答案為 C。
例24. What worried him most was ______ to visit his sick child.
A. his being not allowed B. his not being allowed
C. his not allowing D. having not been allowed
解析：本題考查being done的否定形式not being done; his 為not being done的邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以答
案為B。
例25. Sarah has decided ________ away on holiday this summer.
A. don't go B. to not go C. not going D. not to go
解析：本題考查to do的否定形式not to do, 所以答案為D。
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