高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)重點(diǎn)(2)
高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)重點(diǎn)
高三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：名詞從句
概述
一.定義: 在句中的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞的從句叫做名詞性從句
二.分類: 名詞性從句包括四類, 分別是: 主語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句, 表語(yǔ)從句, 同位語(yǔ)從句
三.引導(dǎo)詞: 名詞從句的引導(dǎo)詞包括連詞that / if / whether, 連接代詞who / whom / whose / what / which, 連接副詞when / where / how / why, 另外還有: whatever, whichever, whoever等
主語(yǔ)從句
一.定義: 在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句就是主語(yǔ)從句
二.示例:
a. That he looked at me in that strange way puzzled me.
b. Whether we can control the floods is still uncertain.
c. What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.
d. When the broadcast station will be ready is unknown.
e. Who made the long distance call to him is not important.
f. Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.
三.應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題:
1.以that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 常用it作形式主語(yǔ), 而把真正主語(yǔ)后移, 如在以下句型中就是如此: It is + adj / n + that...; It is said / reported / hoped that...
a. It is certain that fuels like coal and oil cause a lot of pollution.
b. It was said that only three people in the world could understand it at that time.
2.whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 常置于句首 (此時(shí)whether不能用if代替), 也有后移的用法 (此時(shí)whether可以用if代替)
a. Whether they will come is not yet known.
b. It is not yet known whether they will go there.
3.連接代詞who, what, which和連接副詞when, where, how, why引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 一般不后移
a. What I told you last night was really true.
b. Which team will win the game is not yet known.
c. How they went to the USA is still a puzzle.
賓語(yǔ)從句
一.定義: 在句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的從句就是賓語(yǔ)從句. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞, 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞, 介詞都可以帶有賓語(yǔ)從句
二.示例:
1.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句:
a. They knew that the habit may kill them.
b. She asked whether / if there were any chemist’s shops in this street.
c. The teacher told them who first invented the television set.
d. I want to know whose notebook is left on the table in the reading room.
e. Can you tell me where the Great Pyramid is ?
2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句:
a. Having known what he had done in school, his father was very angry.
3.介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句:
a. They talked half an hour about what happened in the school.
b. He is pleased with what we did yesterday.
c. Leifeng always thought of how he can do more for the people.
三.應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題:
1.句中有賓語(yǔ)從句且有賓補(bǔ)時(shí), 通常用it作形式賓語(yǔ), 而把賓語(yǔ)從句移到賓補(bǔ)后
a. We think it wrong that he didn’t help Tom.
b. I feel it possible that you will finish the work in a day.
2.that從句一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ), 但except等少數(shù)表示 “除外”的介詞除外
a. I know nothing about him except that he lives next door.
3.關(guān)于主句和賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng):
?、?如果主句是過(guò)去時(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)是 “過(guò)去”范疇的某時(shí)態(tài)
a. He said he would fly to Egypt next day.
b. He remembered that he had left her umbrella in the library.
?、?如果賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是客觀真理或普遍現(xiàn)象, 可以保持 “現(xiàn)在”范疇時(shí)態(tài), 而不與主句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)
a. The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
?、?如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)情況選用所需要的時(shí)態(tài)
4.關(guān)于賓語(yǔ)從句的 “否定轉(zhuǎn)移”: 主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為這些詞( think, believe, expect, imagine, suppose, guess等)時(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中去
a. I don’t think he will come.
b. I don’t think there are living things on the moon.
表語(yǔ)從句
一.定義: 在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)的從句就是表語(yǔ)從句
二.示例:
a. My idea is that we should help mother do house work every day.
b. The question is whether we can catch the early bus.
c. Nicotine! That’s what the smokers need.
d. Ten years of hard work! That’s why I now look so old.
同位語(yǔ)從句
一.定義: 在一個(gè)名詞或代詞(如: news, fact, idea, hope, promise, problem, possibility等)后面, 對(duì)其作進(jìn)一步的解釋、說(shuō)明的從句稱為同位語(yǔ)從句
二.示例:
a. I don’t know the fact that the fireman was killed in the fire.
b. I have no idea when Jack will be back.
c. He can’t answer the question how he got the money.
d. There is no doubt that she is fit for the job.
e. The news that our team has won the game is very exciting.
f. I didn’t tell mother the fact that I met with an accident on my way home.
常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題
一.that引導(dǎo)名詞從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別:
1.引導(dǎo)名詞從句的that本身無(wú)詞義, 只起引導(dǎo)作用, 在從句中并不充當(dāng)任何句子成分; 而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是關(guān)系代詞, 有詞義(指代先行詞), 除了起引導(dǎo)作用之外, 還在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分
2.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的that可省略, 引導(dǎo)其他名詞從句的that一般不能省略; 而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that如果在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ), 也可以省略
a. I know that smoking does harm to people’s health. (賓語(yǔ)從句)
b. The text tells me a fact that I have already known. (定語(yǔ)從句)
c. The news that he had passed the examination made her parents very happy.(同位語(yǔ)從句)
d. The news that he told me yesterday made me surprised.(定語(yǔ)從句)
二.which引導(dǎo)名詞從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別:
which引導(dǎo)名詞從句時(shí), 其含義是 “哪一個(gè), 哪一些”; which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 指代先行詞, 其含義就是先行詞的意思
a. There are so many beautiful caps in the shop. I really don’t know which one I should choose.(賓語(yǔ)從句)
b. I will never forget the days which we spent in the countryside. (定語(yǔ)從句)
三.that / what引導(dǎo)名詞從句的區(qū)別:
引導(dǎo)名詞從句時(shí), that本身無(wú)詞義, 只起引導(dǎo)作用, 在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分; what有詞義, what引導(dǎo)的名詞從句的含義是 “…的事 / 物 (任何抽象的或具體的物) ”, what在從句中也充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分
a. They knew that the habit may kill them.
b. What he wanted to see (“他想看到的事”)was an end to all the armies of the world.
c. Nicotine! That’s what the smokers need.(“抽煙者所需要的東西”)
四.引導(dǎo)名詞從句時(shí)只用whether, 不用if的情況:
1.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí):
a. Whether the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
2.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí):
a. The problem is whether we need it.
3.引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí):
a. He was worried about whether he passed the exam.
4.與or not連用時(shí):
a. It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
5.置于不定式之前時(shí):
a. I don’t know whether to go.
6.引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí):
a. The problem whether we’ll build another school hasn’t been settled.
五.名詞從句的語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題: 名詞從句中都要使用陳述語(yǔ)序, 參看前文例句
2.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí):
a. The problem is whether we need it.
3.引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí):
a. He was worried about whether he passed the exam.
4.與or not連用時(shí):
a. It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
5.置于不定式之前時(shí):
a. I don’t know whether to go.
6.引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí):
a. The problem whether we’ll build another school hasn’t been settled
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