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英語虛擬語氣的語法歸納

時間: 桂香1115 分享

  虛擬語氣是英語語法考試中的重點(diǎn),那么你掌握了嗎?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理的英語虛擬語氣的語法的相關(guān)資料,希望大家喜歡!

  英語虛擬語氣的語法歸納

  虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)這一語法項(xiàng)目是各類英語考試中心測試的重點(diǎn)之一。虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話并不是事實(shí),而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑或推測。

 ?、裼靡员硎咎摂M條件的虛擬語氣

 ?、?用if條件從句表示的虛擬條件,是虛擬條件最普通的方式。

  ① 虛擬現(xiàn)在時表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),其if 從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形,例如:If I were in your position I would marry her.

 ?、?虛擬過去時是表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),if 從句的謂語形式用過去完成時即had+過去分詞,主句用would / should / could / might + have +過去分詞,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.

 ?、?大多數(shù)的虛擬條件句屬于上面三種情況的一種,但并不排除存在條件和后果中,一個和現(xiàn)在情況相反,另一個和過去情況相反,例如:If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.這個句子在高中出現(xiàn)頻率頗高。

 ?、?但是,如果后果用了虛擬語氣,而條件卻用陳述語氣,這種用法是錯的。

 ?、?除了表示虛假條件外,if從句還可以表示對將來的推測,由于是將來還沒有發(fā)生的,所以談不上是真實(shí)的還是虛假的,只能說這個事情發(fā)生的可能性有多大。一般情況下,可以用陳述語氣的if從句來表示對一個未來事實(shí)的推測,這個事實(shí)是完全可能發(fā)生的。If從句的謂語形式用一般過去式或用were to / should +動詞原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +動詞原形,例如:Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四級第44題)

 ?、?有時可以把含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if 省去,而將had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前,即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),這時候,如果出現(xiàn)not等否定詞,否定詞需放在主語后面。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在口語中很少使用,但頻頻出現(xiàn)在各類考試中出現(xiàn),例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.

 ?、?大多數(shù)的虛擬條件通過上面所講的兩種方法表達(dá),但在個別句子中也可以通過介詞without和介詞短語but for表達(dá),副詞otherwise等表達(dá)出來。例如:We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.(1995年6月四級第46題)值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,謂語動詞必定要用虛擬形式,但包含without等短語的句子,謂語動詞未必一定要用虛擬語氣。

  ⒌ 有時虛擬條件不是明確地表達(dá)出來,而在蘊(yùn)含在用but引導(dǎo)的從句里,于是便出現(xiàn)了有謂語動詞是虛擬語氣的主句加上謂語動詞是陳述語氣的but從句構(gòu)成的并列復(fù)合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在這樣的句子里,如果主句沒有用虛擬語氣,或者從句用了虛擬語氣,都是錯的。

 ?、蛴迷谫e語從句中的虛擬語氣

  ⒈ 在表示愿望的動詞wish后的賓語從句中,需用虛擬語氣。(wish后的that 常省略),根據(jù)主句時態(tài),從句謂語時態(tài)相應(yīng)退后一位,例如:How she wished his family could go with him.

 ?、?在具有愿望、請求、建議、命令等主觀意愿的動詞(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用(should) +動詞原形。值得注意的是,如果賓語從句的動詞是否定的,否定詞not的位置應(yīng)在動詞之前,而不是動詞之后。例如:The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表達(dá)“暗示”,insist表示“堅(jiān)持某種說法”時,后面的從句不用虛擬語氣,例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.

  除此之外,上述動詞也要求用虛擬式

  ① 在It is+上述動詞的過去分詞,其后所跟的主語從句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.

  ② 在上述動詞相應(yīng)的名詞形式作主語+連系動詞,其后的表語從句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.

 ?、?在對上述動詞相應(yīng)的名詞進(jìn)行解釋的同位語從句中,如:The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.

 ?、?would (had)rather , would sooner也用來表達(dá)主觀愿望,它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?,用過去完成式表示與過去事實(shí)相反,例如:I would rather he went right now.

 ?、笃渌问降奶摂M語氣

 ?、?it is +necessary等形容詞后,that主語從句中虛擬形式使用,這類形容詞包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.

 ?、?在It's (high/about) time 之后的定語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式,例如It is high time that you went to school

 ?、?虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中的應(yīng)用(謂語動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句基本相同)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有懷疑,謂語動詞用過去式。例如:He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示過去想象中的動作或情況,謂語動詞用過去完成式。

 ?、?在lest 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,謂語動詞多用虛擬語氣,(should )+ 動詞原形。例如: The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(1998年1月四級第38題)

 ?、?在if only 引起的感嘆句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式或過去完成式。例如: Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.

  虛擬語氣的時態(tài)

  一、過去式:

  if 從句:had done

  英語語法:虛擬語氣的時態(tài)

  主句:情態(tài)動詞(would,could,might,should)+have done

  英語語法:虛擬語氣的時態(tài)

  二、現(xiàn)在式:

  if 從句:did/were

  英語語法:虛擬語氣的時態(tài)

  主句:情態(tài)動詞(would,could,might,should)+do

  英語語法:虛擬語氣的時態(tài)

  三、將來時:

  if 從句:①should/shall do

 ?、趙ere to do

 ?、踕id/were

  英語語法:虛擬語氣的時態(tài)

  6

  主句:情態(tài)動詞(would,could,might,should)+do

  虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法

  (一)形式   注:

  1.在從句中,be動詞多用were的形式。在口語中,如果主語是第一、第三人稱單數(shù)的話,be動詞可用was,但人們總是說:If I were you...

  2.主句中的謂語可以由would,should,could和 might這四個不同的情態(tài)動詞來構(gòu)成。

  3.與將來事實(shí)相反的條件從句中,謂語有三種不同的形式:過去式、were +to do或should +do。   例句1:If I were you,I would study hard.我要是你的話,我就會好好學(xué)習(xí)。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)   例句2:If I had studied hard,I would have passed CET-6 last semester.我要是早就好好學(xué)習(xí)的話,那么我上個學(xué)期就通過六級考試了。(與過去事實(shí)相反)   例句3:If Iwere to pass CET-6,I would treat you to dinner at KFC.我要是過了六級考試,就請你去吃肯德基。(與將來事實(shí)相反)

  (二)省略/倒裝   如果在虛擬從句中包含有一個助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、動詞be或have,則可把if省略,把上類動詞提到主語之前,使用倒裝語序。

  例句4:Had it not been for the PLA,we wouldn’t have been able to beat the flood.4要不是人民解放軍,我們是無法戰(zhàn)勝洪水的。

  例句5:Were he here now,he would certainly help me.5他要是在這里肯定會幫我的忙。   注4:例句4中的從句部分出現(xiàn)了否定詞not,如果把該句還原成正常語序,應(yīng)該是:   If it hadn’t been for the PLA,we wouldn’t have been able to beat the flood.

  但是一旦句子發(fā)生了省略,就必須把hadn’t分開,否定詞not還原,放在主語之后,不可寫成Hadn’t it b

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