做好雅思的閱讀題除了掌握對(duì)的方法，也離不開(kāi)我們?nèi)粘５男燎诰毩?xí)，下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)雅思閱讀真題重點(diǎn)推薦：Otters水獺，一起加油吧！

雅思閱讀真題重點(diǎn)推薦：Otters水獺

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

A)Otters are scmiaqualic (or in the case of the sea otter, aquatic) monirnals. rHiey ure mi'inbers of the Mustelid family which includes badgers, polecats, martens, weasels, stoats an have inluibited the earth for the last 30 million years and over the years have undergone subtle changes to the carnivore bodies to exploit the rich aquatic environment. Otters have long liiin body and short legs~ideal for pushing dense undergrowth or hunting in tunnels. An adult male may be up to 4 feet long and 30 pounds. Females are smaller, around 16 pounds typically. The Eurasian otter nose is about ihc smallest among the otter species and has a characteristic shape described as a shidlow "W".An otter's tail (or rudder, or stern) is stoul at tlie base and tapers towards the tip where il flattens. ITiis forms part of the propulsion unit when swimming fast under water. Oder fur consists of iwo types of hair: stout guard hairs which form a waterproof outer covering, and undcrfiir which is dense and fine，equivalent to an otter's thermal underwear. The fur must he kept in good condition by grooming. Sea water reduces the waterproofing and insulating qualities of otter fur when salt water gets in the fur. This is why freshwater pools are important to otters living on the coast. After swimming, they wash the salts ofT in the pools and then squirm on the ground to rub dry against vegetation.

B) Scent is used for hunting on land, for communication and for detecting danger. Otterine sense of smell is likely to similar in sensitivity to dogs. Otters have small eyes and arc probably short-siglited on land. Bui they do have the ability to modify the shape of the lens in the eye to make it more spherical, and hence overcome the refraction of water In clear water and good liglit, otters can hunt fish by sight. The otter's eyes and nostrils are placed high on its head so that it c-an see and breulhc oven when the rest of die body is submerg'd, "The long whiskers growing iinmnd the muzzle are used to detect the presence of fish. They detect regular vihrutions cruised by the beat of the fish's tail as it swims awuy. I'his tdlows otters to hunt even in very murky water. Underwater, the otter holds its legs against the body, except for steering, and the hind end of the body is flexed in a series of vertical undulations. River otters have webbing which extends for much of the length of each digit, though not lo the very end. Giant otters ami sea otters have even more prominent webs, while the Asian short-clawed otter lias no webbing-they hunt for shrimps in ditches and paddy fields so they need the swimming speed. Otter ears are protected by valves which close them against water pressure.

C A number of constraints and preferences limit suitable liabitats for otters. Water is a must and the rivers must be large enough to support a healthy population of fish. Being such shy and wary creatures. they will prefer territories where mail's activities do nol impinge grcally. Of course, there must also be no other otter already in residence-this has only become significant again recently as populalions start to recover. A typical range for a mule river otter might he 25km of river, a female's range loss than half this. I lowcver, ihc pnMluclivity of the river affecls ihis hugely and one sitidy found male ranges between 12 and 80km. Coastal oilers havr a mucli more abundant Uwd supply aiul ranges for males and females may be just a few kilometers of coastline. Because male ranges are usually larger, a male otter may find his range overlaps with two or three females. Otters will eat anytliing that they can get hold of there are records of sparrows and snakes and slugs gobbled. Apart from fish the most common prey are crayfish, oralis and water birds. Small munmmls are occasionally taken, most mmmonly rabbits but soinelimes even moles.

D )Eurasian otters will bretnJ any time where food is readily available. In places where condition is more severe, Sweden for example where the lakes are frozen for much of winter, cubs arc bom in Spring, This ensures that they are wdl grown before severe weather returns. In the Shetlands. cubs are bam in summer when fish is more abundant. Though otters can breed every year, some do not. Again, this depends on food availability. Other factors such as food range and quality of the female muy have an effect. Gestation for Eurasian otter is 63 days, with the exception of North American river otter whose embryos may undergo delayed implantation.

E )Otters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are linceing the most common). For some unknown reason, a^astal otters lend to produce smaller litters. At five weeks they open their eyes~a liny cub of 700g. At seven weeks they're weaned onto solid food. At five weeks they leave the nest, blinking into daylight for the first time. After three months they finally meet the water and learn to swim. After eight months they are hunting, though the mother still provides a lot of food herself. Finally, after nine months she ttan chase them all away with a clear conscience, and relax-until the next fella shows up.

F) The plight of the British oiler was recognised in the early 60s,but it wasn^t until the late 70s that ihe chief cause was discovered. Pcslicides. such as diddrin and aldriiu were first used in 1955 in iigriculture and other industries--these clicmiads are very persistenl and liad already been recognised as the muse of huge declines in the population of ficregrinc falcons, sparrowhawks and oilier predators. The pesticides entered the river systems and the food chain-micro-organisms. fish and finally otters, with every step increasing ihc concentration of the chemicals. From 1962 the chemicals were phased out, but while some species recovered quickly, otter numbers did not and continued to fall into the 80s/niis was probably mainly to habitat destruction and road deaths. Acting on popuIations fragmented by the sudden decimalion in the 50s and 60s, the loss of just a handful of otters in one area can make an entire population unviable and spoil the end.

G )Otter numkiers anr recovering all around Britain--populations arc growing again in the few areas where they had remained and have expanded from those areas into the rest of the country. This is almost entirely due to law and conservation efforts, slowing down and reversing the destruction of suitable otter habitat and reintroductions from captive breeding programs. Releasing captive-bred otters is seen by many as a last resort, The argument runs that where there is no suitable habitat for them they will not survive after release and when there is suitable habitat, natural populations should be able lo expand inlo the area. However, reintroducing animals into a fragmented and fragile population may add just enough im|petus for it to stabilise and expand, rather than die out. This is what the Otter Trust accomplished the 1980s. The Otter Trust has now finished its captive breeding program entirely. Great news because it means it is no longer needed.

題目：

Questions 1-9 Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 A description of how otters regulate vision underwater

2 The fit-for-purpose characteristics of otter's body shape

3 A reference to an underdeveloped sense

4 An explanation of why agriculture failed in otter conservation efforts

5 A description of some of the otter’s social characteristics

6 A description of how baby otters grow

7 The conflicted opinions on how to preserve

8 A reference to a legislative act

9 An explanation of how otters compensate for heat loss

Questions 10-13

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet

10 What affects the outer fur of otters?

11 What skill is not necessary for Asian short-clawed otters?

12 Which type of otters has the shortest range?

13 Which type of animals do otters hunt occasionally?

雅思閱讀--語(yǔ)言遞歸性影響不可忽略

一、引言

遞歸(recursion)是遞歸論(recursive theory)中的一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。遞歸論亦稱遞歸函數(shù)論或能行性理論，是數(shù)理邏輯中研究可計(jì)算性理論(computability theory)的分支，它通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)論函數(shù)的研究深刻揭示能行過(guò)程的本質(zhì)。

遞歸的實(shí)質(zhì)是指一種循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)，它把“較復(fù)雜”情形的計(jì)算，遞次地歸結(jié)為“較簡(jiǎn)單” 直至“最簡(jiǎn)單”情形的計(jì)算，并得到計(jì)算結(jié)果為止。本文擬探討語(yǔ)言遞歸性在雅思閱讀文章中的體現(xiàn)及其對(duì)答題思路的啟示。

二、語(yǔ)言遞歸的層次和方式

在英語(yǔ)測(cè)試中，對(duì)語(yǔ)篇遞歸性及其不同形式的認(rèn)識(shí)和把握將直接影響到考試答題的效率。試舉一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，在英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中有這樣一段對(duì)話：

A: Are you coming tonight? (Q1)

B: Can I bring a guest? (Q2)

A: Male or female? (Q3)

B: What difference does that make? (Q4)

A: An issue of balance. (A4)

B: Female. (A3)

A: Sure you can. (A2)

B: I will be there. (A1)

相鄰對(duì)是會(huì)話的基本組成單位。會(huì)話的典型話輪模式之一是提問(wèn)(Q)- 回答(A)。以上對(duì)話就是幾個(gè)相鄰對(duì)層層相套(從屬內(nèi)嵌)，其結(jié)構(gòu)形式可以表示為：Q1(Q2(Q3(Qn–An)A3)A2)A1，這就是語(yǔ)篇的從屬遞歸。

在聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中，考生往往對(duì)(Q1-A1)(Q2-A2)(Q3-A3)(Qn–An)這樣的并列遞歸模式過(guò)于依賴，不熟悉或是忽略了基于從屬內(nèi)嵌模式的話輪轉(zhuǎn)換技巧，對(duì)話輪的語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤的預(yù)判，從而嚴(yán)重影響了聽(tīng)力理解和答題的能力。

三、語(yǔ)篇遞歸與雅思閱讀答題技能

英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家M.Hoey提出了一種英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇中最常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)模式(簡(jiǎn)稱SPRE模式)：情景(Situation)→ 問(wèn)題(Problem)→ 反應(yīng)(Response)→ 評(píng)價(jià)(Evaluation)。

這一結(jié)構(gòu)在語(yǔ)篇中可能重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，層層相套，即結(jié)構(gòu)模式的多層次性或再循環(huán)，也就是語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的遞歸。雅思閱讀文章題材非常廣泛，而文體相對(duì)單一，絕大多數(shù)是說(shuō)明性和議論性相結(jié)合的實(shí)用文體，其內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)通常呈現(xiàn)SPRE基本模式或其部分模式構(gòu)建成分的并列、從屬或并列從屬遞歸形式。

在雅思備考過(guò)程中，對(duì)真題語(yǔ)篇基本結(jié)構(gòu)模式及其遞歸形式的分析將有助于快速定位和主題歸納等答題技能的培養(yǎng)與提高。

1.語(yǔ)篇遞歸與結(jié)構(gòu)性定位及相關(guān)答題策略

雅思閱讀答題技能的核心環(huán)節(jié)之一是快速準(zhǔn)確定位。定位有順序原則、邏輯關(guān)系、主題一致等不同的方法，而其中一個(gè)重要方法就是根據(jù)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇遞歸形式的分析，從內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)層次上確定一系列題干在原文中轉(zhuǎn)述對(duì)應(yīng)信息的大致位置。如雅思閱讀核心題型之一的Summary(摘要題)，其題干在語(yǔ)篇層次上的遞歸一般都會(huì)在原文獲得體現(xiàn)，從而為定位提供重要的線索。例如：

Complete the summary below

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22 . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move more quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23 ______ moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24 . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25 violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26 are emitted.(劍橋4/Test3/Reading Passage2/ Q22 – Q26)

這一題干呈現(xiàn)出明顯的情景(Situation)并列的語(yǔ)篇遞歸形式，即：“There are different types of eruption(有不同的噴發(fā)類型)// Examples of this type of eruption (噴發(fā)類型的例子)// A third type of eruption(第三種噴發(fā)類型)”。

其語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)可以表述為：S1 + S2 + S3。根據(jù)雅思閱讀的命題規(guī)律，原文中一般會(huì)體現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的遞歸，其涵蓋的語(yǔ)篇范圍正是答題信息點(diǎn)集中出現(xiàn)的位置。在本題中，原文的Section C的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)就是典型的關(guān)于噴發(fā)類型的情景并列遞歸：“Every eruption is different // Sometimes it is slow // Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly // The biggest eruptions are”(劍橋4/Test3/Reading Passage2)，其涵蓋的內(nèi)容集中給出了Q23 – Q26的答案(magma, western India, explodes, gases)。

雅思閱讀的語(yǔ)篇或語(yǔ)段中S1 + S2 + …+ Sn的情景并列遞歸較為常見(jiàn)，且通常包含多個(gè)連續(xù)考點(diǎn)。本題的定位技巧就是利用題干語(yǔ)篇關(guān)于噴發(fā)類型的情景并列遞歸形式，在原文中尋讀相應(yīng)的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，從而快速確定一系列答案信息在文章中的大致位置。

雅思閱讀--三大障礙如何短時(shí)高效突破

問(wèn)題一：遇到生詞，束手無(wú)策，無(wú)法正常進(jìn)行閱讀和做題

雅思閱讀考試文章來(lái)源于國(guó)外原版的期刊或雜志，話題覆蓋面廣，科技，自然，環(huán)保，社會(huì)，文化，工作，生物，地理等無(wú)不涉及，所以遇到生詞在情理之中。

但一部分烤鴨遇到生詞后就信心全失，慌亂至極，打破了自己原有的閱讀節(jié)奏和速度，做題時(shí)也因?yàn)樯~被卡殼，結(jié)果題目不僅沒(méi)有解出，還影響了后面的做題速度和時(shí)間，可謂“一發(fā)動(dòng)而遷全身”。對(duì)此，專家認(rèn)為，生詞的出現(xiàn)在所難免，只要大家有基本的詞匯量，完全可以將生詞的問(wèn)題逐一擊破。

A. 有時(shí)候生詞屬于比較專業(yè)的詞匯，它們的出現(xiàn)不是為了考察考生的詞匯量，更多的是檢閱大家的應(yīng)變和判斷能力。尤其在題目中出現(xiàn)的所謂生詞，更是可以壞事變好事，成為考生定位答案的線索詞。

比如：在劍橋7 “Why pagodas don't fall down”一文，5-10題的分類題中第6題“tiles on eaves”，很可能考生在三個(gè)單詞中有兩個(gè)都不認(rèn)識(shí)，這時(shí)候如何是好呢?首先，先觀察這兩個(gè)生詞的詞性。在介詞“on”的前后，且分別加了“s”， 可以判斷是名詞。在這篇建筑類的文章中論及我們不認(rèn)識(shí)的名詞，想必不是日常詞匯，所以完全可以把“tiles”和“eaves”作為定位詞去原文尋找答案。

B. 有時(shí)候生詞的含義可以在上下文中直接得到。在閱讀文章時(shí)遇到的生詞，有相當(dāng)一部分的含義可以通過(guò)多種猜測(cè)單詞的方法得到，所以，在生詞的周圍或上下文尋找其解釋不失為有效途徑。

問(wèn)題二：不能權(quán)衡做題的優(yōu)先性，無(wú)法把握做題時(shí)間

很多考生在面對(duì)雅思閱讀考試時(shí)，都會(huì)感嘆時(shí)間不夠，有的考生會(huì)剩下半篇文章沒(méi)有讀完，更有甚者，一個(gè)小時(shí)只夠用來(lái)做兩篇文章。其中做題速度無(wú)法達(dá)到要求的原因有很多，詞匯量，閱讀方法，做題技巧無(wú)一不是。

此外，還有一個(gè)很重要的因素：不會(huì)取舍，不會(huì)衡量做題的優(yōu)先性。專家提示，雅思閱讀3篇文章，存在難易程度的差別?？忌鷳?yīng)選擇自己擅長(zhǎng)或熟悉的話題文章優(yōu)先做。

而對(duì)一篇文章而言，做題順序可以如下排布：Heading題 ---- 填空型題(表格，圖示，簡(jiǎn)答，summary， 完成句子) ---- 判斷題 ---- 選擇型題(單選，多選)，平均每篇文章的做題時(shí)間控制在20min， 如時(shí)間到，還有少量題目(1-2題)沒(méi)有做完，可放寬少許時(shí)間完成。若還余留多題未完成，建議先舍棄，做下一篇文章，因?yàn)椴慌懦乱黄恼?，看似文章話題難，但題目容易的情況。難度系數(shù)高的題目在每個(gè)人面前都一樣，我們希望確保容易的題目百分百的拿下。

問(wèn)題三：對(duì)題目考點(diǎn)把握不清，不知如何確定keywords

很多考生在平時(shí)的練習(xí)和考場(chǎng)上面對(duì)劃keywords總是單一的跟著感覺(jué)走，或是將一道題目中大部分的詞都劃下來(lái)作為keywords， 完全失了方向和重點(diǎn)，直接導(dǎo)致答案很難在原文鎖定。所以，keywords是對(duì)題目的濃縮，也是題目的線索詞，更是考點(diǎn)?？忌鷤儜?yīng)該在平時(shí)的課堂和練習(xí)中，多加總結(jié)考點(diǎn)詞的特點(diǎn)，以達(dá)到用一到兩個(gè)詞就涵蓋整個(gè)題目的效果。利用keywords定位答案，更集中目標(biāo)，更有方向性。

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