托福閱讀邏輯信號(hào)詞總結(jié)
托福閱讀當(dāng)中，邏輯信號(hào)詞好比旅途中的路標(biāo)與燈塔，讓你不致迷路，可以朝著發(fā)現(xiàn)解題題眼的正確方向邁進(jìn)，所以，熟練掌握各類托福閱讀信號(hào)詞是托福高分的基本條件之一。
托福閱讀邏輯信號(hào)詞總結(jié)
1.顯示相同信息的信號(hào)詞
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.
“l(fā)ikewise”這一信號(hào)詞顯示了前面所提到的idea后面還要再一次出現(xiàn)。因此，閱讀時(shí)見(jiàn)到這樣的信號(hào)詞無(wú)須放慢閱讀速度。這樣的信號(hào)詞還包括：
and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example
2.顯示思路轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞
I'd like to go but I'm too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向讀者顯示了作者的思路在這里有了轉(zhuǎn)折。閱讀時(shí)，碰到這樣的信號(hào)詞我們需放慢閱讀速度，以準(zhǔn)確獲取作者真正想要說(shuō)明的意思。這類信號(hào)詞還有：
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
3.顯示因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞
As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因?yàn)轱w行員們的罷工;飛行員們的罷工導(dǎo)致了所有的航班不得不被取消。顯示因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞還有：
for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
4.顯示順序的信號(hào)詞
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了這樣的信號(hào)詞就把握住了作者敘述的順序，也就分清了相對(duì)獨(dú)立的論據(jù)。這樣的信號(hào)詞包括：
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
5.表示結(jié)論/總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
詞組“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息將在這里被歸納總結(jié)。讀到帶有這樣的信號(hào)詞或短語(yǔ)的句子時(shí)，應(yīng)格外留心注意，它們往往會(huì)向我們提示相關(guān)段落的核心信息。表示結(jié)論或總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞和短語(yǔ)還有：
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
全面詳細(xì)歸納托福閱讀中的信號(hào)詞
1.主題
主題類信號(hào)詞一般出現(xiàn)在講座開(kāi)頭，例如
●let's...
●Today, I will be talking about ...
●Today，we’ll focus on/ discuss...
但有些講座的教授在點(diǎn)明主題之前會(huì)提及其它信息，例如：
●Last time, we talked about ... today, we will be discussing ...
●We’ve been talking about ... Today, let’s discuss ...
●Continuing ... Today, we will ...
此時(shí)，today后面的內(nèi)容才是關(guān)鍵，不能被today前面的內(nèi)容誤導(dǎo)了。
2.定義
下定義也是講座中常見(jiàn)的內(nèi)容，被定義的概念是講座的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容，需要做筆記。
此類信號(hào)詞有：
●what I mean is
●All that means is
●which is / that is
●in other words，...
●... is referred to as...
●... is named/known/called
3.舉例
比起例子中的種.種細(xì)節(jié)，教授借例子說(shuō)明的道理更為關(guān)鍵。
聽(tīng)到for instance，such as，namely，as an example，take example for，say，consider，take之類的字眼后，考生需要回憶起舉例之前講解的內(nèi)容。
TIP：有些教授講完例子后會(huì)進(jìn)行總結(jié)，如果考生記不起例子之前的內(nèi)容，此時(shí)記下總結(jié)性話語(yǔ)也能保證答題喲。
4.對(duì)比
講座中，教授常常對(duì)比兩個(gè)容易混淆的概念。我們需分別記錄兩者異同。此處一定會(huì)出現(xiàn)出題點(diǎn)。
常見(jiàn)的對(duì)比類信號(hào)詞有：
●We should not confuse A and B
●A is different from B
●First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B
●compare to
●contrast
●Unlike
●similar to
●in contrast to
●...differently
●...differ
●alike
●resemble
●on the other hand，
●instead，
●likewise，
●in the same way等。
5.分類
闡述關(guān)鍵概念時(shí)，教授常講解此概念的相關(guān)分類。
例如，闡述海豚發(fā)聲方式時(shí)，會(huì)具體闡述是哪幾種發(fā)聲方式，即whistles，cliques和burst pulses。
通常教授會(huì)點(diǎn)明分類的數(shù)量，但也可能不給出具體數(shù)據(jù)，而是籠統(tǒng)地說(shuō)有“很多種”。
例如，there are many types of ...，we gather data in a variety of ways ...。
6.因果
學(xué)術(shù)講座中，因果是常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系之一。細(xì)節(jié)題多出現(xiàn)于此處。
表示原因的信號(hào)詞有：because，because of，due to，since，as，for，the reason is，that’s why，by reason of，owing to。
表示結(jié)果的信號(hào)詞有：so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly。
7.轉(zhuǎn)折
轉(zhuǎn)折是對(duì)前文的否定，轉(zhuǎn)折后面出現(xiàn)的信息往往需要強(qiáng)調(diào)，此處多為出題點(diǎn)。
常見(jiàn)的表示轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞有：but，however，nevertheless，while, yet, unless, except for, actually，in fact, to tell you the truth，practically，virtually，as a matter of fact。
8.結(jié)論
講座的最后也可能是出題點(diǎn)，而且該點(diǎn)比較容易得分。結(jié)論是最新獲得的信息，遺忘率最低。咱們千萬(wàn)不能放棄這類題。
常見(jiàn)的結(jié)論性信號(hào)詞有：conclusion，summarize，make a summary，in brief，in short，in a word，in a conclusion，finally，all in all，to sum up。
托福閱讀題型講義分類資料
托福閱讀分類題型講義內(nèi)容節(jié)選：
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and Line weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during
(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were
(10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a handpowered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from
(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic.
The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT
(A) cotton's softness
(B) cotton's ease of processing
(C) a shortage of flax and wool
(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.
答案：C
托福閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)照表(2020年)
托福閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是這樣的：托福閱讀三篇文章，每篇12-14道題，如果有加試的話，從所有考題中選3篇閱讀題目計(jì)分?；卮鹫_的總題目數(shù)量加起來(lái)就是你的總分。除托福閱讀觀點(diǎn)題和歸類題以外，每道題分值1分。重要觀點(diǎn)題的分值可能是2分。歸類題為3或4分。托福閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)范圍為0-30分。在托福官方指南中，關(guān)于托福閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的描述是這樣的：The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set， you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.
The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows：
If you had： You received
1 correct answers 0 points
2 correct answers 1 point
3 correct answers 2 points
小編提醒考生注意：托福閱讀應(yīng)該計(jì)算實(shí)際拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”，再參照評(píng)分表，計(jì)算最后的分?jǐn)?shù)(0-30)。不同版本的試卷因難度不同有不同的轉(zhuǎn)換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所以托福閱讀是沒(méi)有固定的評(píng)分表的。
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