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4月15日新托福閱讀題解析：討論最早歷法

學科分類：考古類

題目：Debate about the earliest calendars

內(nèi)容回憶版本一：

第一段：一個考古學家認為骨頭上的14個marks 是古代人們記錄lunar year的方法，因為它們的排列不是by chance的，而是按照group patterns排列的[有目的題，問作者為什么提到這些具體的pattern, 答案為為了說明這些pattern不是natural(對應not by chance)的，而是人為的]，該學家認為這種pattern和月亮從crescent(新月)到full moon，再從full moon到new moon的時間段一致(有題，問這個考古學家是如何理解上述pattern的，答：和moon的各種phase相符)。第一段是不是森破?

第二段：講這種日歷的用途：古代人推算一些event的period;找到事情的sequencially connected;最終導致writing的出現(xiàn)[并列結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)，有EXCEPT題]。雖然最長的pattern只有two and a half months, but多個連接起來可以推算時間的period，如懷孕，洪水的時間[有句子簡化題，注意轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯即可]。

第三段：發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的祖先可以think abstractly，具有計算日子的能力是件很有意思的事[有事實信息題]，但是也有質(zhì)疑，因為hunter-gather的祖先了解所有打獵，采集等periodically的時間，不需要記錄。

第四段：繼續(xù)批判第一段中考古學家的觀點，說那些marks的pattern是not regular，他也沒有provide no example，還沒有evidence[一句話中并列結(jié)構(gòu)，有EXCEPT題]。而且這種mark不一定是record day or event噠，有可能是一些sharp tools使用的時候留下的，這種情況在其他文明中也常出現(xiàn)，此處有example[有目的題，問作者為啥要提到某個文明，答案為想要證明這些pattern不是起record events or days的作用] 。

內(nèi)容回憶版本二：

古代日歷 Early Calendar

某科學家認為一種最早在骨頭上發(fā)現(xiàn)的裂痕是遠古人類做了記號的日歷，它記錄了當時的月相盈虧，他由此認為這些刻痕可以幫助古代人發(fā)現(xiàn)更多更大的規(guī)律、進行抽象思考，并且?guī)砹怂阈g(shù)能力的進步，此外這一calendar的出現(xiàn)和hand-writing的出現(xiàn)也有關(guān)系。

反駁觀點有很多，其他人認為這個科學家的理論毫無學術(shù)依據(jù)，純屬臆測，不足為信，舉出反例比如這些點可能是用來磨武器的時候刻的或者僅僅是劃痕而已。

校園生活的托福詞匯精選

be down and out:疲憊不堪，一蹶不振

EX: After about ten years of no business at all, they are practically down and out.

EX: I don't think you realize that I am down and out.

double date:兩對伴侶的約會

EX: Sometimes it's more fun to go on a double date.

go off the deep end:魯莽行事，感情用事

EX: He surely went off the deep end when he bought that restaurant.

go the whole hog:全力以赴

EX: When Bob became interested in model airplanes, he went the whole hog.

jump out of the frying pan into fire:每況愈下(from bad to worse)

EX: You're jumping out of the frying pan into the fire. By trying to straighten out with Mr.Bagnell, you're getting your self in trouble with Mrs. Bagnell.

jump down one's throat:橫加指責

EX: I don't mind being corrected when I am wrong, but you don't need to jump down my throat.

lick into shape:塑造，訓練整頓

EX: Two years in the army will lick him into shape.

EX: The inspection was announced at two o'clock, and they had the place licked into shape.

look down one's nose at:嗤之以鼻，瞧不起

EX:The man is a snob. He looks down his nose at most people

EX:He looks down his nose at the offer. (meaning he doesn't care about the offer.)

make heavy weather:發(fā)覺某事有困難

EX:Though the investment is at present making heavy weather, the future is regarded withconfidence.

make head or tail of: 弄清楚，懂得

EX:Can you understand this letter? I've read it through twice and I juse can't make head of tail of it.

Stand to reason 清楚而且合乎邏輯

Ex:It stands to reason that too many shopping choices can be as bad as too few.

Ex:If you drink too much coffee a day, it stands to reason that your health will suffer.

kick around 私下討論一下

Ex: We haven't decided where to go on vacation. I think we'd better kick it around for a while.

put two and two together 找出解決之道

Ex: At first, he couldn't understand the directions for assembling the bookcase, but later on he was able to put two ond two together.

fake steps 采取必要措施

托福詞匯之十大經(jīng)典連詞的使用

一. And 并列關(guān)系 (and)

in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that

二.Sequence 順序 (then)

出現(xiàn)的時候表示列舉

first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards

三.Consequence 結(jié)果 (so)

前面是后面的結(jié)果 // 也就是這些詞后面就開始給出結(jié)論了。

as a result// thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // tn that case // admittedly

四.Contrast轉(zhuǎn)折 (but )

表對前面論述的轉(zhuǎn)折 // 一般后面才是作者觀點

however// on the other hand // despite // in spite of //

though // although // but // on the contrary

otherwise// yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast

五.Certainty 確定 (of course)

強烈的確定 // 后面是作者的堅定論點

obviously// certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly

六.Condition 條件/ 因為 (if )

后面跟隨著某種情況發(fā)生的前提或者是條件。

if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on

七.Time 時間 (when )

before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as

八.Summary 總結(jié) (in a word)

in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word

九.Example舉例 (for example)

for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是

十.Reason原因 ( because)

since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause

托福詞匯中最常見的詞綴匯總

英語否定的前綴主要有a- ab- anti- counter- de- dis- il- im- in- ir- mal- mis- non- un- 等。

a-ab-主要加在形容詞動詞前，例如atypical非典型性的，abnormal非正常的;abuse濫用、錯誤使用、虐待。

anti-加在名詞、形容詞前邊。最常見的是anti-Japanese抗日戰(zhàn)爭、anti-social厭惡社會的 反社會的、antidite解毒的藥。

counter-加在名詞、動詞前，例如：counterstrike反擊、counteract抵抗阻礙、counterrevolution反革命。

de-加在名詞、形容詞前，常見的例詞有decrease減少，deteriorate惡化，demobilize遣散 使…復員、decolor 脫色 漂白。

dis-主要加在名詞、形容詞，動詞之前，dis-為否定前綴的詞有：disadvantage缺點、dishonorable不光彩的、disagree不同意、disappear消失、disarm解除武裝、disconnect失去聯(lián)系。

il-主要加在以1開頭的單詞的前邊，比如：illegal非法的、illiterate文盲的、illogical不合邏輯的。

im-加在字母m,b,p之前，這樣的詞有impossible不可能的、impolite不禮貌的。

in-常加在形容詞，名詞之前，如incorrect不正確的、inability無能 無力、inaccurate不準確的等。

ir-放在以r開頭的英語單詞前面，比如：irregular不穩(wěn)定的、irresistable不可抵抗的、irresolvable不能分解的 不能解決的。

mal-主要加在形容詞名詞之前，例如malfunction功能紊亂，malicious惡意的。

mis-加在動詞、名詞前，例詞misunderstand誤解、misjudge誤判、misleading誤導、misfortune不幸。

non-加在形容詞、名詞前，這樣以non-為否定前綴的詞有non-existence不存在、non-essential不主要的、non-electrical非電的。

un-主要放于名詞，形容詞，副詞前面，常見的例子有unfinished未完成的、undoubted無疑的、unemployment失業(yè)。

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