托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：生物多樣性的文本+題目+答案
除了大量的托福詞匯儲(chǔ)備以外，大家可能最需要的就是托福閱讀真題的練習(xí)。那么除了官方真題Official你還有哪些托福閱讀真題進(jìn)行練習(xí)呢?今天小編就為大家整理了生物多樣性的文本、題目以及答案，希望可以幫助到大家。
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：生物多樣性的文本+題目+答案
托福閱讀文本：
Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth's ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. In most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.
Certainly, there have been periods in Earth's history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only .01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.
However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt — time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.
托福閱讀題目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week
(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week
(C)A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries
(D) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution
2. Compared to preiudustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth
century
(A) remained constant
(B) decreased slightly
(C) decreased significantly
(D) increased significantly
3. The word "norm" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) minimum.
(B) example
(C) possibility
(D) standard
4. The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) in the end
(B) for a brief period
(C) from that time on
(D) on occasion
5. The "idea" mentioned in line 15 refers to
(A) the 60-hour workweek
(B) the reduction in the cost of automobiles
(C) the reduction in the workweek at some automobile factories
(D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse
6. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the
United States during the 1930's?
(A) Several people sometimes shared a single job.
(B) Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United States.
(C) Several corporations increased the length of the workweek.
(D) The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek.
7. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of
1938 ?
(A) to discourage workers from asking for increased wages
(B) to establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek
(C) to allow employers to set the length of the workweek for their workers
(D) to restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek
8. The word "mandated" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) required
(B) recommended
(C) eliminated
(D) considered
9. The word "immutable" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) unmatched
(B) irregular
(C) unnecessary
(D) unchangeable
10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has
been declining since the nineteenth century?
(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)
(B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)
(C) United States Steel and Westinghouse (line 14-15)
(D) German metalworkers (line 21)
11. According to the passage , one goal of the Japanese government is to reduce the average
annual amount of work to
(A) 1,646 hours
(B) 1,800 hours
(C) 1,957 hours
(D) 2,088 hours
托福閱讀答案：
CBBCD CDAD
進(jìn)行托福閱讀訓(xùn)練的四種高分方法
托福閱讀高分方法一：快速泛讀(fastextensivereading)
泛讀是指廣泛閱讀大量涉及不同領(lǐng)域的文章，要求讀得快，理解和掌握文中的主要內(nèi)容就可以。要確定一個(gè)明確的閱讀定額，定額要結(jié)合自己的實(shí)際，可多可少，例如每天讀20頁。
托福閱讀高分方法二：計(jì)時(shí)閱讀(timedreading)
計(jì)時(shí)閱讀每次進(jìn)行5～10分鐘即可，不宜太長。因?yàn)橛?jì)時(shí)快速閱讀，精力高度集中，時(shí)間一長，容易疲勞，精力分散反而乏味。
托福閱讀高分方法三：尋讀(Scanning)
尋讀又稱查讀，同略讀一樣，尋讀也是一種快速閱讀技巧。
尋讀是一種從大量的資料中迅速查找某一項(xiàng)具體事實(shí)或某一項(xiàng)特定信息，如人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、數(shù)字等，而對(duì)其它無關(guān)部分略去不讀的快速閱讀方法。
托福閱讀高分方法四：略讀(skimming)
略讀又稱跳讀(readingandskipping)或?yàn)g覽(glancing)，是一種專門的，非常實(shí)用的快速閱讀技能。
托福閱讀成績(jī)提升的方向
單詞
根據(jù)自己的英語基礎(chǔ)制定出每天能夠堅(jiān)持的，切實(shí)可行的背單詞計(jì)劃。
結(jié)合托福閱讀文章記憶單詞是頗為有效的方法。如脫離語言環(huán)境孤立地背單詞匯，就很容易把單詞的意義和正確用法遺忘或者混淆。而且，枯燥的單詞書和字母表容易讓人疲倦和產(chǎn)生挫敗感。在精讀托福文章的同時(shí)背單詞，除了單詞的收獲，還能深入了解文章中的各類人文常識(shí)，趣味科普知識(shí)，從而產(chǎn)生每天堅(jiān)持閱讀，堅(jiān)持背單詞的興趣和動(dòng)力。另外，有效記單詞的另一個(gè)重要原則是：一定要反復(fù)記憶。背過的單詞一定要定期復(fù)習(xí)。
語法
掌握托福語法應(yīng)側(cè)重對(duì)句子的理解，應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)從句子的主干成分-----主謂結(jié)構(gòu)入手，對(duì)并列句、比較句、指代句、復(fù)合句和雙重否定句有充分的把握，注意人稱、語態(tài)在句子中的變化，并結(jié)合句子上下問，正確地掌握其要表達(dá)的思想。要逐漸培養(yǎng)將一個(gè)長句子讀成一個(gè)相對(duì)短的句子、即長句短讀的能力。讀完一個(gè)長句后自己能總結(jié)歸納，提煉其陳述的要點(diǎn)。
加大閱讀廣度
在和托福閱讀8分以上的高分學(xué)員的交流中發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們的托福閱讀技巧便是英語的積累閱讀量大。有的是考前通讀過多種托福閱讀資料，有的是過去讀過TOEFL、GRE和GMAT的各類文章，有的是因?yàn)楣ぷ鞯男枰刻焐暇W(wǎng)快速閱讀英文參考文獻(xiàn)。所以，積累和擴(kuò)大自己的英文閱讀量是邁向高分的必由之路。G類考試的閱讀前兩部分通常是使用性強(qiáng)的功能性短文，如菜單、產(chǎn)品說明、同志、住宿安排和廣告等、非常貼近西方的實(shí)際生活，但對(duì)國內(nèi)絕大多數(shù)考生而言很陌生。建議爭(zhēng)取每天閱讀一定量的原版英文報(bào)刊、書籍，如Time、Reader's Digest等。尤其注意其中的各類廣告。
提高閱讀速度
說起托福閱讀高分策略不能忽略的一個(gè)問題便是閱讀速度。托?？荚嚨拈喿x部分，無論是A還是G類，都是同時(shí)測(cè)試考生的閱讀速度和理解的精確度。而如何快速地閱讀完長文章，留出充足的時(shí)間回答各類題型，是考生必然面臨的一個(gè)難題。要想提高閱讀速度首先要改掉閱讀的不良習(xí)慣。針對(duì)大多數(shù)考生的通病，提出下面4點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)：
1、擴(kuò)大眼睛掃描的寬度。要達(dá)到托福閱讀的速度，請(qǐng)注意訓(xùn)練自己一眼看過，至少閱讀到3~5個(gè)單詞。
2、閱讀過程中只使用眼睛和大腦兩大器官。不要小聲讀出來(使用了嘴和耳朵：))，不要在心中默讀(能默讀說明你一眼只看到一個(gè)單詞
3、遇到生單詞不用緊張，學(xué)會(huì)通過上下文猜大意
4、有重點(diǎn)地閱讀，把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)和大意
有了以上基礎(chǔ)，還要有針對(duì)性地訓(xùn)練和提高托福閱讀所要求的各種閱讀能力。按照對(duì)獲得托福高分的重要性順序，這些閱讀能力依次為
把握長文章結(jié)構(gòu)(Understanding framework of a passage)
快速瀏覽文章(Skimming)
掃描特定信息(Scanning)
理解復(fù)雜句子結(jié)構(gòu)(Understanding complex structure)
通過上下問猜測(cè)句意(Understanding meaning from context)
形成概念(Forming a mental image)
在準(zhǔn)備考試的過程中，除了要做IELTS考題之外，還要進(jìn)行泛讀和快速閱讀。泛讀可以選擇一些英美主流媒體的文章，在網(wǎng)站上可以找到，目的是熟悉單詞和句型。快速閱讀就是用掃描文章的方法對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)有大致的了解，并把握其主旨。同時(shí)，在重點(diǎn)句子和詞匯上做出標(biāo)記。這種方法對(duì)閱讀考試幫助極大，平時(shí)可多加練習(xí)。另外，為了提高閱讀的速度還要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣，不能邊看邊用嘴跟著讀，眼、嘴并用必會(huì)降低閱讀速度;一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)生詞(這種情況絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)都肯定要遇到)，先不要緊張，要通過英語構(gòu)詞法(前綴、詞根和后綴)來分析推測(cè)詞義，或結(jié)合上下文、前后詞語去猜測(cè)，如果根據(jù)上下文及前后詞語還是無法確切了解其真正含義，可以再看一下這個(gè)詞對(duì)整個(gè)句子所構(gòu)成的影響是肯定的，還是否定的，實(shí)際上這對(duì)你理解作者的意圖已足夠了，實(shí)在不行就做上記號(hào)，將來看一看是否影響答題，如無影響就堅(jiān)決忽略。
托福閱讀中的從句與分詞
1.定語從句
托福閱讀讀完主句主語后，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that，which，who等，一定要跳過第一個(gè)或并列的幾個(gè)帶有時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞)，直接尋找第二個(gè)帶有或并列的幾個(gè)帶有時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(主語的謂語動(dòng)詞)，并將從定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞至第二個(gè)帶有時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞之間的部分用括號(hào)括起來，括號(hào)中的這部分就是修飾主語主語的定語從句。這類句子的閱讀解步驟與前面提到的托福閱讀文章中的兩類句子基本一致。
例子：
The Ediacara fossil formation, which contains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodied forms.
分析：主語The Ediacara fossil formation，which contains the oldest known animal fossils非現(xiàn)在性定語從句作插入，謂語consists exclusively of ，賓語soft-bodied forms。
定語從句先不讀，讀完句子主干之后再讀。
下面我們按照上述步驟來理解這句話。
①讀句子主干：主語(The Ediacara fossil formation)→謂語(consists exclusively of)→賓語(soft-bodied forms)
翻譯：E化石形勢(shì)只包含了軟體動(dòng)物，
②讀主語的定語從句：which contains the oldest known animal fossils
翻譯：包含了已知的最古老的動(dòng)物化石
整個(gè)句子的意思就是：E化石形成，它包含了已知的最古老的動(dòng)物化石，只包含了軟體動(dòng)物。
2.后置分詞
有些長難句中，主語和謂語之間夾雜著一個(gè)修飾主語的后置分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，包括現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)兩種。后置的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)比較容易辨識(shí)，在閱讀句子時(shí)，可以將現(xiàn)在分詞與謂語動(dòng)詞之間的部分用括號(hào)括起來，先讀句子的主干，再讀括號(hào)中的部分。后置的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是個(gè)難題，不少人容易將過去分詞錯(cuò)當(dāng)成主句謂語動(dòng)詞的過去式。為了避免這種錯(cuò)誤，在讀長難句的時(shí)候需要分析主語與動(dòng)詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如果主語與動(dòng)詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，而該動(dòng)詞前面沒有表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系的be動(dòng)詞，那么這個(gè)詞就是主語的后置過去分詞，而不是句子的謂語。將這部分用括號(hào)括起來即可，對(duì)于托福閱讀試題解答就很有幫助了。讀句子步驟如上。
Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment.
分析：主語Petroleum，consisting of crude oil and natural gas后置定語做插入，seems to originate from謂語， organic matter賓語，in marine sediment地點(diǎn)狀語。
下面我們按照上述步驟來理解這句話。
①讀句子主干：主語(Petroleum)→謂語(seems to originate from)→賓語(organic matter)
翻譯：石油看似來自于有機(jī)物。
②讀主語的后置分詞修飾成分(consisting of crude oil and natural gas)
翻譯：包含了原油和天然氣。
③讀句子的其他修飾成分(in marine sediment)
翻譯：在海洋沉淀里。
整個(gè)句子的意思就是：包含原油和天然氣的石油看似來自于海洋沉淀里的有機(jī)物質(zhì)。
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