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托福閱讀原文

In the late sixteenth century andinto the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of therelatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late1400s). Among thekeyfactors behind this growth were increasedagricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.Populations cannot grow unlessthe rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people.During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at theexpense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in theNetherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the mostspectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.Much of the potential forEuropean economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to havebeen only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions ofrelatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survivalof peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus forinvestment. They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes.Increased agricultural productionin turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion ofindustry. Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized ruralcottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rurallabor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasantfamilies spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in anattempt to supplementmeagerfamily income.More extended trading networksalso helped develop Europe's economy in this period.English and Dutch shipscarrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal. Populationgrowth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly ofhandicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts ofnorthern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. Only ironsmelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital (wealthinvested to create more wealth).The development of banking andother financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middleof the sixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills ofexchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, whichhad their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises topay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to thirdparties. In this way, they provided credit. At mid-century, an Antwerpfinancier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can no more tradewithout bills of exchange than sail without water." Merchants no longerhad to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. An Amsterdammerchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchangerand pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. Theexchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.Bills of exchange contributed tothe development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not untilthe eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank ofAmsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for businessinvestment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.The rapid expansion in internationaltrade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from goldand silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financedthe production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe andoverseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments andloans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stockpartnerships—an English innovation(the first major company began in1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a singlecommercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding ofcapital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors whopurchased shares in the company.

托福閱讀試題

1.According to paragraph 1, what was trueof Europe during the medieval period?A. Agricultural productivity declined.B.There was relatively little economicgrowth.C.The general level of prosperity declined.D.Foreign trade began to play an importantrole in the economy.2.The word key in the passage(Paragraph1)is closest in meaning toA.historicalB. manyC. importantD.hidden3.According to paragraph 2, one effect ofthe desire to increase food production was thatA. land was cultivated in a different wayB.more farmers were neededC.the rural economy was weakenedD. forests and wetlands were used forfarming4.According to paragraph 3, what was onereason villages had such great economic potential?A.Villages were located in regions whereagricultural production was relatively advanced.B.Villages were relatively small inpopulation and size compared with urban areas.C.Some village inhabitants made investmentsin industrial development.D.Village inhabitants established markets withintheir villages.5.Paragraph 4 supports the idea thatincreased agricultural production was important for the expansion of industryprimarily because itA.increased the number of available workersin rural areasB.provided new types of raw materials foruse by industryC. resulted in an improvement in the healthof the rural cottage workers used by manufacturersD. helped repair some of the ravages of theThirty Years’ War6.The word “meager” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.very necessaryB. very lowC.traditionalD.primary7.Why does the author mention that “Englishand Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain andPortugal”(Paragraph 5)?A.To suggest that England and theNetherlands were the two most important trading nations in seventeenth-centuryEuropeB.To suggest how extensive tradingrelations wereC.To contrast the importance ofagricultural products with manufactured productsD.To argue that shipping introduced a rangeof new products8.By including the quotation in paragraph 6by the financier from Antwerp, the author is emphasizing thatA.sailing was an important aspect of theeconomyB. increasing the number of water routesmade trade possibleC.bills of exchange were necessary forsuccessful tradingD.financiers often exaggerated the need forbills of exchange9.According to paragraph 6, merchants wereable to avoid the risk of carrying large amounts of gold and silver byA.using third parties in Marseille to buygoods for themB. doing all their business by using DutchcurrencyC. paying for their purchases through billsof exchangeD. waiting to pay for goods until the goodshad been delivered10.According to paragraph 7, until theeighteenth century, it was the principal function of which of the following toprovide funds for the state?A.Bills of exchangeB.Exchangers who took loansC. BanksD. Business investment11.The phrase “an English innovation” inthe passage(Paragraph 8)is closest in meaning toA.a new development introduced by theEnglishB.an arrangement found only in EnglandC. a type of agreement negotiated inEnglishD.a type of partnership based on Englishlaw12.According to paragraph 8, each of thefollowing was a source of funds used to finance economic expansion EXCEPTA.groups of investors engaged in short-termfinancial cooperationB. the stateC.wealthy merchantsD.joint-stock companies13. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherewould the sentence best fit? They could also avoid having to identify andassess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places.The development of banking and otherfinancial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middle of thesixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchangein place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, which had theirorigins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay aspecified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to thirdparties. In this way, they provided credit. ■【A】Atmid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can nomore trade without bills of exchange than sail without water." ■【B】Merchants nolonger had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. ■【C】An Amsterdammerchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchangerand pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. ■【D】Theexchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.In late sixteenth-and earlyseventeenth-century Europe, increased agricultural production and the expansionof trade were important in economic growth.A.Bringing more land under cultivationproduced enough food to create surpluses for trade and investment as well asfor supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of rural industry.B.Most rural villages established an arrangementwith a nearby urban center that enabled villagers to take advantage of urbanmarkets to sell any handicrafts they produced.C. Increases in population and theexpansion of trade led to increased manufacturing, much of it small-scale incharacter but some requiring significant capital investment.D.Increased capital was required for theproduction of goods, for storage, for trade, and for the provision of creditthroughout of Europe as well as distant markets overseas.E.Bills of exchange were invented inmedieval Italy but became less important as banks began to provide loans formerchants.F.The expansion of trade was facilitated bydevelopments in banking and financial services and benefitted from the hugeinflux of capital in the form of gold silver from the Americas.

托福閱讀答案

1.以medieval period做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說(shuō)medievalperiod不那么prosperous繁榮，但如果只看這句的話(huà)很容易錯(cuò)選答案C，C的decline叫做減少，也就是說(shuō)C說(shuō)medieval時(shí)期prosperity下降了，但原文說(shuō)不prosperous，是一種低的狀態(tài)，不是下降的趨勢(shì)，所以C錯(cuò);而B(niǎo)的經(jīng)濟(jì)幾乎沒(méi)有增長(zhǎng)是less prosperous的同義替換，正確;A與C錯(cuò)的原因類(lèi)似;D沒(méi)說(shuō)2.key眾所周知的意思是鑰匙，當(dāng)然還有關(guān)鍵的意思，所以important正確。前文說(shuō)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)始增長(zhǎng)，然后說(shuō)發(fā)展的什么因素是blabla，后面特別指出的原因肯定是相對(duì)比較重要的，所以important正確。句子只給出了兩個(gè)原因，many不對(duì);historical歷史的和hidden完全不靠譜3.以increase foodproduction做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，但問(wèn)的是影響，所以答案應(yīng)該是下一句。說(shuō)人們開(kāi)墾更多土地，以森林和濕地為代價(jià)，所以答案是D。A原文沒(méi)說(shuō)以不同方式開(kāi)墾，錯(cuò);B的farmers沒(méi)有相關(guān)信息;C的rural economy沒(méi)有信息4.以economic potential做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，但第一句中的at first glance和第二句的however都說(shuō)明有用的信息在第二句，說(shuō)這些村子的agriculture是advanced，所以答案是A，B/C/D都沒(méi)說(shuō)5.以expansion ofindustry做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，但第一句只是陳述了一個(gè)事實(shí)，有用的信息在第二句，說(shuō)那些manufacturers利用了大量廉價(jià)的rural labor，所以答案是A，B/C/D都沒(méi)說(shuō)6.meager貧乏的，不足的，瘦弱的，所以verylow是正確答案。原句說(shuō)很多窮人紡線或者織布賺補(bǔ)貼，來(lái)貼補(bǔ)什么樣的家庭收入，肯定是少才需要貼補(bǔ)的，所以是very low，A必要和D基本都不能用紡線來(lái)補(bǔ)貼;原文沒(méi)有時(shí)間概念，所以B傳統(tǒng)的不對(duì)7.修辭目的題，整個(gè)句子是一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，所以看前一句，也就是本段的中心句，說(shuō)不斷擴(kuò)展的貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)有助于當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，緊接著就給出了荷蘭和英國(guó)的船到了西班牙和葡萄牙，用來(lái)證明貿(mào)易的擴(kuò)展，所以答案是B，其他的都不靠譜8.修辭目的題，先以Antewerp做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第五句，原句整個(gè)就是一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，看前一句，前一句的信息過(guò)少，所以再往前看，就找到答案，說(shuō)匯票是一種可以轉(zhuǎn)賣(mài)給第三方的約定票據(jù)，答案是C，匯票的必要性，當(dāng)然也可以看第一句，說(shuō)銀行及其他金融服務(wù)助推貿(mào)易的擴(kuò)展，同樣能選出答案9.以gold or silver做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二句，說(shuō)financiers和traders接受匯票來(lái)替代金銀，只有C提到了匯票bills ofexchange，所以答案是C，其他都沒(méi)說(shuō)10.以funds，state和principlefunction做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句，說(shuō)他們的最主要作用是給國(guó)家提供資金，因?yàn)橛衪heir，所以往前看，前句說(shuō)直到十八世紀(jì)銀行才給business investment提供錢(qián)，然后就說(shuō)之前都是給國(guó)家提供錢(qián)的，their指的是銀行，所以答案C正確11.an English innovation本意指英國(guó)人的發(fā)明，即使從本意看，B/C/D也不靠譜，而且破折號(hào)之后解釋之前的內(nèi)容，之前說(shuō)joint-stock partnership，合股，之后的括號(hào)又對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明這是一個(gè)以前沒(méi)有的新東西，所以A正確12.EXCEPT題，排除法。A的short-termfinancial cooperation對(duì)應(yīng)最后一句，正確，不選;B好像對(duì)應(yīng)第三句，但原文說(shuō)銀行家和富商貸款給state，state的錢(qián)是從別人那借的，沒(méi)法促進(jìn)發(fā)展，所以B錯(cuò)，選;C和D都對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三句，正確，不選13.四個(gè)過(guò)渡點(diǎn)，分別是名詞coins，manydifferent places，代詞they和副詞also，coins與原文倒數(shù)第二句的currency貨幣同義替換，many different places與原文倒數(shù)第二句的Amsterdam和Marseille對(duì)應(yīng)，所以C或者D正確;此外，coins還可以與倒數(shù)第三句的coins and silver對(duì)應(yīng)，所以B或者C正確;而且they also avoid說(shuō)明之前他們已經(jīng)避免了一件事，剛好對(duì)應(yīng)倒數(shù)第三句的no longer have to carry gold and silver，所以C正確14.bringing選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第二段第一句，正確most選項(xiàng)原文沒(méi)說(shuō)，不選increases in選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段第一句，正確increased capital選項(xiàng)MS對(duì)應(yīng)第八段第二句，但原文說(shuō)capital促進(jìn)了blabla的發(fā)展，沒(méi)說(shuō)blabla的發(fā)展需要資金，所以錯(cuò)，不選bills選項(xiàng)與第六段第二局說(shuō)反，不選the expansion選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第六段和第八段的首句，正確

托福閱讀譯文

【1】在16世紀(jì)末至17世紀(jì)初，歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)度過(guò)了低迷發(fā)展的中世紀(jì)(公元5世紀(jì)中至公元15世紀(jì)末)，繼續(xù)保持增長(zhǎng)拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)最關(guān)鍵的因素是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的提高和貿(mào)易規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大。

【2】如果農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)不能生產(chǎn)足夠的糧食，人口增長(zhǎng)就不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。在16世紀(jì)，農(nóng)民們以伐木開(kāi)荒為代價(jià)，不斷開(kāi)墾耕地。荷蘭的土地復(fù)墾無(wú)疑是16到17世紀(jì)中最引人注目的：?jiǎn)螁问窃?590年到1615年間，荷蘭就開(kāi)墾了36 000多英畝土地。

【3】歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的巨大潛力存在于那些第一眼看上去默默無(wú)聞的小鎮(zhèn)。然而，這些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)大多地處農(nóng)業(yè)相對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)，不僅農(nóng)民賴(lài)此生存，用于投資的富余農(nóng)產(chǎn)品也得以積累。這些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)位置得天獨(dú)厚，毗鄰城市商人，市場(chǎng)以及貿(mào)易線路。

【4】農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展反過(guò)來(lái)又促進(jìn)了工業(yè)中的部分——農(nóng)村工業(yè)的發(fā)展。尤其是羊毛和紡織制造商們，他們利用農(nóng)村大量廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力來(lái)進(jìn)行農(nóng)舍家庭式生產(chǎn)。在德國(guó)，“三十年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng) ”造成嚴(yán)重破壞進(jìn)一步促使紡織業(yè)向鄉(xiāng)村遷移。為了貼補(bǔ)本已經(jīng)微薄的家庭收入，貧困潦倒的農(nóng)民們通過(guò)在家紡織衣料或亞麻來(lái)?yè)Q取少量報(bào)酬。

【5】不斷擴(kuò)大的貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)也促進(jìn)了這段時(shí)期歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)。英國(guó)和荷蘭的商船從波羅的海各國(guó)運(yùn)載著黑麥到西班牙和葡萄牙來(lái)售賣(mài)。在英國(guó)、佛南德斯、意大利北部、德國(guó)西南部以及西班牙部分地區(qū)，人口的增長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)了小規(guī)模制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，尤其是手工藝品、紡織品和金屬制品。只有煉鐵和采礦業(yè)需要投入大量資本(投資財(cái)富以創(chuàng)造更多財(cái)富)。

【6】銀行和其他金融服務(wù)的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)。到16世紀(jì)中葉，從事金融和貿(mào)易的人員已經(jīng)基本接受了使用匯票代替金銀來(lái)進(jìn)行交易。匯票始于中世紀(jì)意大利，，是一種可以和第三方進(jìn)行交易的期票(其上注明在約定時(shí)間內(nèi)支付特定數(shù)額的錢(qián))。就這樣，這些匯票具有了信貸功能。在該世紀(jì)中期，一位安特衛(wèi)普的金融家夸張地說(shuō)：“沒(méi)有匯票，貿(mào)易就無(wú)法進(jìn)行，就像沒(méi)有根本無(wú)法航行。”商人再也不用攜帶金銀踏上漫長(zhǎng)危險(xiǎn)的旅途了。阿姆斯特丹商人要在馬賽購(gòu)買(mǎi)肥皂，，可以去找到貨幣兌換商用等值的荷蘭貨幣——荷蘭盾去兌換。然后貨幣兌換商會(huì)將匯票給馬賽的同事，授權(quán)他憑此匯票在實(shí)體交易完成之后以當(dāng)?shù)刎泿胖Ц督o馬賽人。

【7】隨著貨幣兌換商開(kāi)始提供貸款服務(wù)，匯票促進(jìn)了銀行業(yè)的發(fā)展。然而，直到十八世紀(jì)，諸如阿姆斯特丹銀行和英格蘭銀行才開(kāi)始提供商業(yè)投資貸款業(yè)務(wù)。它們的首要功能是為政府提供資金。

【8】西班牙商船從美洲帶來(lái)大量金銀，資本的注入促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易快速發(fā)展。這些資本為商品的生產(chǎn)、存儲(chǔ)、交易提供了資金甚至向是全歐洲乃至海外提供貸款。此外，銀行和富商向政府提供投資和接待加上英國(guó)的一項(xiàng)革新——股份制公司(第一家主要的股份制公司始于1600年)都增加了貸款的供應(yīng)。與由投資家組成的以單個(gè)商業(yè)項(xiàng)目為目的的短期財(cái)團(tuán)不同，股份制公司通過(guò)商人和其他投資者購(gòu)買(mǎi)公司股份所帶來(lái)的投資提供長(zhǎng)期的投資。

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