托福寫作考試合理安排時(shí)間的方法及技巧
托福寫作考試分為獨(dú)立寫作和綜合寫作,對(duì)于這兩個(gè)部分的考試,考試所規(guī)定的時(shí)間也是不同的,如何在規(guī)定的時(shí)間里完成高質(zhì)量的文章,這是考生托福寫作拿高分的關(guān)鍵。那么合理的時(shí)間安排是什么呢?下面就跟小編一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)吧。
托福寫作考試合理安排時(shí)間的方法及技巧
托福獨(dú)立寫作時(shí)間分配
托福獨(dú)立寫作時(shí)間分配第一步:審題、確定立場(chǎng)、列出理由(最少3分鐘最多5分鐘)
要避免兩個(gè)極端:(只需要在草稿紙上用英文單詞或漢語(yǔ)列出各個(gè)理由,防止遺忘))用時(shí)太少,理由沒(méi)有想清楚就開(kāi)始寫作,不僅造成文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)不清,還會(huì)引起行文中頻繁的修正,欲速則不達(dá);用時(shí)太多,不要追求一次思考就能把每一條理由及相關(guān)例證都想出來(lái)。其實(shí)想出兩條之后就可以動(dòng)筆,各個(gè)理由的例證可以寫到該段時(shí)邊思考邊寫。這一點(diǎn)你不必懷疑,只要你的思維還是正常的,一定能做到。
托福獨(dú)立寫作時(shí)間分配第二步:正文寫作。(最少22分鐘最多26分鐘)
a.各段寫作時(shí)注意對(duì)段落的不同部分給予不同的重視。主題句給予最大重視,注意煉句,別說(shuō)你不想寫主題句,主題句可以使讀者和筆者本人更清晰該段落寫什么。各段中支持性細(xì)節(jié)寫作不必遵循相同的模式。有n種選擇可供參考:1. 舉具體事例 2. 說(shuō)對(duì)方相對(duì)缺點(diǎn)3. 使用數(shù)據(jù) 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用類比、比喻、引用等修辭手段來(lái)論述。 哪一種你最容易想出來(lái),就用哪一種。
b.考前將文章開(kāi)頭、結(jié)尾、例證、讓步等各種句套背熟練,并且練習(xí)和??紩r(shí)把他們用熟,要象做完型填空一樣對(duì)待考場(chǎng)作文。別試圖在考場(chǎng)上再現(xiàn)去決定比如哪種開(kāi)頭好,怎樣結(jié)尾好。使用自己選種的套話。
c.當(dāng)被告知還有5分鐘結(jié)束時(shí),一般你已經(jīng)該寫到最后一條理由,或者已經(jīng)在做結(jié)尾。要確保文章有結(jié)尾段。(不排除將他和最后一條理由的末段結(jié)合在一起的可能性。)
托福獨(dú)立寫作時(shí)間分配第三步:檢查。(需要1-3分鐘,有側(cè)重點(diǎn)地檢查)
1.時(shí)態(tài):文章絕大部分使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱要使用單數(shù);使用過(guò)去發(fā)生的事例時(shí)用的是過(guò)去時(shí);
2.句法:確保每句話是完整的,有謂語(yǔ),且簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)。
3.主謂一致按此三步,持續(xù)練習(xí)5篇以上,可以確保時(shí)間問(wèn)題。
托福綜合寫作時(shí)間分配
對(duì)于以閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料為基礎(chǔ)的寫作試題,考生首先需要3分鐘閱讀一篇學(xué)術(shù)短文,并主要記下文章觀點(diǎn)和一些主要詞匯,為下面的聽(tīng)力部分做準(zhǔn)備。然后文章隱去,這時(shí)考生需要聽(tīng)一段大約為2分鐘的課堂講解。剛閱讀過(guò)的短文內(nèi)容有關(guān),一般是對(duì)閱讀材料中觀點(diǎn)的反駁。所以,考生就要針對(duì)每個(gè)觀點(diǎn)分別記下聽(tīng)力中給出的反駁理由和例子。有時(shí)聽(tīng)力的內(nèi)容是對(duì)閱讀材料觀點(diǎn)的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,理由和例子也要相應(yīng)記下。接下來(lái),考生有20分鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)總結(jié)聽(tīng)力材料中的要點(diǎn),并解釋這些要點(diǎn)與閱讀材料中的要求有何不同。通常有效的回答應(yīng)是一篇150-225個(gè)單詞的作文。每個(gè)寫作任務(wù)的分?jǐn)?shù)是0-5分。考查綜合語(yǔ)言技能的作文題目的評(píng)分以回答的質(zhì)量、完整性和準(zhǔn)確性為依據(jù)。
托福獨(dú)立寫作的首段思路和結(jié)構(gòu)
好的開(kāi)始是成功的一半!在托福考試中,面對(duì)三四百字要求的獨(dú)立寫作時(shí),很多同學(xué)有了思路,卻遲遲不知如何動(dòng)“筆”,30分鐘的時(shí)間一分一秒流逝,文章質(zhì)量也會(huì)隨著心理狀態(tài)的不同而受影響,從而影響最終的托福成績(jī)。
為了使學(xué)生在有限的時(shí)間以最佳的狀態(tài)一氣呵成,臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮是不可取的,通過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)考生的親身驗(yàn)證,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)即使考生英語(yǔ)水平非常好,寫作不做任何準(zhǔn)備去應(yīng)考也是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的。因此,考生務(wù)必在考試之前做好充足的準(zhǔn)備工作。
既然要準(zhǔn)備充足,方方面面的工作都要細(xì)究,今天要細(xì)究的內(nèi)容是開(kāi)頭部分,我們將通過(guò)一條實(shí)例給大家講一下首段的寫作思路和段落結(jié)構(gòu)。
經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的備考,很多同學(xué)對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫作題目涉及的話題應(yīng)該是比較熟悉了,在進(jìn)行首段結(jié)構(gòu)講解之前,希望大家思考這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題:獨(dú)立寫作中所涉及的這些話題,為什么會(huì)被ETS考官選中,放在一個(gè)全球性的語(yǔ)言考試中呢?大家可以再回顧一下獨(dú)立寫作的一些題目,他們其實(shí)都有一個(gè)共同的性質(zhì),那就是它所涉及的話題和內(nèi)容,都是大家熟知的,并且會(huì)引起人們的討論的話題,也就是考生們“普遍知曉”,并能“引起討論”。因此我們得出托福獨(dú)立寫作題目的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn):一是具有“普遍性”,二是具有“可討論性”。
所謂“普遍性”,就是題目涉及的內(nèi)容大家都熟知,例如,曾經(jīng)有這樣一個(gè)題目:A/D:The telephone has greater effects on people than television。題目當(dāng)中的television 和telephone都是大家熟知的事物,起碼對(duì)于所有托??忌鷣?lái)說(shuō),大家都肯定是再熟悉不過(guò)的東西了,所以這樣的事物出現(xiàn)在題目中,是具有公平性的;
所謂“可討論性”,就是指題目所涉及的話題有可討論的價(jià)值,如同辯論賽的論題一樣,它是可以讓正反雙方展開(kāi)討論的,他的觀點(diǎn)是辯證的。
根據(jù)這兩個(gè)特點(diǎn),我們總結(jié)了一種開(kāi)頭段的結(jié)構(gòu),這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)有三部分組成:第一部分——體現(xiàn)普遍性;第二部分——體現(xiàn)可討論性;第三部分——得出立場(chǎng)或者文章打算;這里的第三部分根據(jù)大家文章行文思路的不同而進(jìn)行不同的段落收尾就可以了,下面我們根據(jù)這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)理論來(lái)進(jìn)行一個(gè)題目的講解:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To achieve successful development of a country,a government should spend more money on young children's education(5-10) rather than on universities。
同意/不同意:為了一個(gè)國(guó)家的發(fā)展,政府應(yīng)當(dāng)花更多的錢在兒童教育上,而不是大學(xué)教育上。
這是一個(gè)教育類的話題,同時(shí)涉及到政府撥款的問(wèn)題,涵蓋兩個(gè)方面的比較,一個(gè)是投資兒童教育,一個(gè)是投資大學(xué)教育。大家試著將這兩個(gè)方面總結(jié)成一個(gè)事件
——the issue of how to invest in education
或者——the issue of educational investment
做完這項(xiàng)工作之后就可以按照三部分的結(jié)構(gòu)寫出開(kāi)頭段了。
首先要寫的是普遍性:
As is often the case, the issue of educational investment is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion。
此句中開(kāi)頭是以as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,as指代的是逗號(hào)后面句子中的全部?jī)?nèi)容,這件事是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情形。此句體現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題的普遍性。
然后就要體現(xiàn)可討論性了,如何來(lái)體現(xiàn)呢,首先,出現(xiàn)可討論性的前提,就是因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)了差異,我們可以適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)度交代一下原因,可如下敘述:
People varying in personalities as well as backgrounds tend to look at the same matter from diversified perspectives。
這句話的意思是,因?yàn)槿藗儌€(gè)性和背景方面各不相同,所以人們往往從不同的角度看待同一個(gè)問(wèn)題。過(guò)度之后,進(jìn)行“可討論性“的寫作:
Some people maintain that investing in primary education is a wise/an optimum option, while others hold that investing in tertiary-level education is sensible/sagacious。
將兩部分人的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論述,目的在于通過(guò)可討論性的體現(xiàn),將題目轉(zhuǎn)化成雙方面的觀點(diǎn)。之后要做的工作就是段落收尾了,收尾之前也需要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)匿亯|In taking various factors into consideration, 其中take…into consideration 代表“考慮”之意,相當(dāng)于consider something,之后,根據(jù)行文方式的不同選擇不同的收尾方式,下面給大家兩中選擇:
——I reckon that elementary education and high-level education are intertwined elements that are playing respective roles in the process of one’s growth。
這種收尾方式偏向中庸之道,后面的行文也多傾向于分情況討論的思路;
——I reckon that it is the latter/former claim that makes more sense/ bears more rationality。
這種收尾方式思路方向比較確定,一般選擇立論文的考生會(huì)選擇。
綜上我們將這篇文章整合匯總?cè)缦拢?/p>
In recent years /As is often the case, the issue of educational investment is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion. People varying in personalities as well as backgrounds tend to look at the same matter from diversified perspectives. Some people maintain that investing in primary education is an optimum option, while others hold that investing in tertiary-level education is sensible. In taking various factors into consideration, I reckon that elementary education and high-level education are intertwined elements that are playing respective roles in the process of one’s growth。
(I reckon that it is the latter/former claim that makes more sense / bears more rationality。)
大家可以看到,在文中多次出現(xiàn)初級(jí)教育和高等教育的詞組,但上文卻采取了不同的表達(dá)方式,primary education對(duì)應(yīng)于elementary education,tertiary-leveleducation相對(duì)應(yīng)于high-level education。因此,向大家強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)是,如果在一個(gè)段落,或者一篇文章中,我們不可避免的會(huì)遇到重復(fù)意思的表達(dá),這時(shí)候,希望大家多多積累同近義詞的短語(yǔ)和詞組,用于文章當(dāng)中將會(huì)顯得語(yǔ)言更加豐富。
許多考生在學(xué)習(xí)之初可以適當(dāng)?shù)谋痴b段落和詞句,因?yàn)樘岣邔懽髯龊玫姆椒ň褪桥R摹和套用,大家可以將上述段落中的下劃線部分看做模板句式,非下劃線部分可以根據(jù)題目來(lái)進(jìn)行填充。下面我們利用上述模板,來(lái)練習(xí)另一道題目:
In your opinion, which one is better, to spend money on something that lasts for a long time, such as valuable jewelry, or spend your money on short term pleasure such as vacation?
花錢買貴重物品還是去短期度假
首段:
As is often the case, the issue of money spending is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion. People varying in personalities as well as backgrounds tend to look at the same matter from diversified perspectives. Some people maintain that spending on jewelry is a wise/ an optimum option, while others hold that spending on vacation is sensible/ sagacious. In taking various factors into consideration,I reckon that material life and spiritual enjoyment are intertwined elements that are playing respective roles in daily life。
由此,這篇文章的首段就完成了,在寫作之初,建議大家多多學(xué)習(xí)范文或模板的寫作,但不容忽視的是,模板性越強(qiáng)的段落應(yīng)用性和靈活性越差,所以,在托福備考進(jìn)行到一定程度時(shí),希望大家更多地組建自己最順手的模板段落或句型,并且多加練習(xí),只有這樣,在面臨寫作題目的時(shí)候,才能“臨危不懼”地一氣呵成。
托福寫作中that引導(dǎo)的五大從句
第一步:牢記基本原則,一個(gè)句子只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ),一個(gè)完整的句子至少包含主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)這兩個(gè)句子成分。
_意:從句和主句分別算作一個(gè)句子,謂語(yǔ)本質(zhì)上就是動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。從句有且僅有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),主句有且僅有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),一般過(guò)去時(shí)等等。
例句:The sun rises in the east. 太陽(yáng)從東方升起。(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))
He gave me a book yesterday. 昨天他給了我一本書(shū)。(一般過(guò)去時(shí))
The trees planted last year are growing well now. 去年栽下的樹(shù)如今長(zhǎng)得很好。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))
We have been in this room since 9 o’clock. 我們從9點(diǎn)起就在這個(gè)房間了。(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
注意:劃線部分是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
第二步:認(rèn)識(shí)包含從句的復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句=主句+從句(從句=引導(dǎo)詞+從句其他句子成分)
It was a fault that could not be forgiven. 那是一個(gè)不能被寬恕的錯(cuò)誤。主句從句(其中”that”是引導(dǎo)詞)
I have no idea that he is accepted by a college. 我不知道他被大學(xué)錄取這件事情。主句從句
注意:本文專講引導(dǎo)詞“that”引導(dǎo)的從句。
第三步:開(kāi)始寫句子。
1. 主語(yǔ)從句:That+完整句子+謂語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài))+其他成分
例句:1). That he is going to Beijing upsets me. 他去北京這件事讓我很難過(guò)。完整句子
2). That the earth goes around the sun is a truth. 地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)是一個(gè)真理。完整句子
_時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕,常用“It”代替主語(yǔ)從句放于句首,而把主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。1). It upsets me that he is going to Beijing.2). It is a truth that the earth goes around the sun.
常用的句型有:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that從句……是必須的(重要的/自然的/奇怪的)It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that從句……是一個(gè)遺憾(恥辱/不奇怪)It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that從句建議/要求/提議/渴望……
例句:It is necessary that workers in factory are punctual.在工廠里工作的工人必須準(zhǔn)時(shí)。It is a pity that he got dropped out of school at so young an age.令人遺憾的是他那么小就輟學(xué)了。It is proposed that car using in this city should be limited.人們提議汽車的使用應(yīng)該被限制。
2. 賓語(yǔ)從句:主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài))+that+完整的句子注意:這種從句就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面的句子?!皌hat”沒(méi)有實(shí)義,但書(shū)面語(yǔ)中不省略。例句:He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他告訴我他明天會(huì)去上海。注意:“told”這個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面跟了“me”和“that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow”兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。We must never think that we are good in everything. 我們決不能認(rèn)為自己什么都好。
3. 表語(yǔ)從句:主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞)+that+完整的句子系動(dòng)詞:be, sound聽(tīng)起來(lái), look看起來(lái),feel摸起來(lái),smell聞起來(lái),taste嘗起來(lái),remain保持,仍是例句:The fact is that we have lost the game. 事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場(chǎng)比賽。The reality is that she has to quit her job for him. 事實(shí)是她必須為了他而辭職。注意:“that”不做成分,書(shū)面語(yǔ)中所有的引導(dǎo)詞“that”都不要省略。
4. 定語(yǔ)從句:用來(lái)修飾名詞或者代詞的句子。先寫一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,然后在簡(jiǎn)單句中的名詞或者代詞后面加個(gè)that從句,注意這里的“that”要在從句中做成分。從含義上講,“that”=從句所修飾的詞。例句:It is a novel that you may like to read. 這是一本你也許想看的小說(shuō)。注意:“that”從句修飾“novel”這個(gè)詞。I don't like the novel that you borrowed yesterday. 我不喜歡你昨天借的那本小說(shuō)。Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy.任何能夠燃燒的東西都是熱能源。注意:這里的“anything”是不定代詞。
5. 同位語(yǔ)從句:名詞+that從句+謂語(yǔ)+其他可用于同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場(chǎng)比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。The suggestion that we go abroad to study is given by him.我們?nèi)?guó)外學(xué)習(xí)的建議是他給的。
如上所述,其實(shí)包含從句的復(fù)合句并不是那么的可怕,只要把握句子基本原則,遵循上面的步驟就可以用小小的“that”輕松玩轉(zhuǎn)五大從句。
托福寫作之學(xué)校該支持的體育活動(dòng)
A student’s education does not only consist of learning academic subjects. It is also important for students to develop other skills, such as teamwork, and healthy habits that will last them a lifetime. One way to do this is to encourage more participation in sports activities. Although it is important to provide adequate funding for academic services such as the school library, I believe it is important to fund sports activities equally.
A student’s primary education goal is to pursue knowledge. Therefore, the school library is very important. However, the resources that a library buys are long-lasting. In addition, students now have resources other than the school library to support their studies. For example, many have their own computers and access to the Internet. Sports activities, on the other hand, require some investment every year. Equipment wears out and needs to be replaced more often than library resources. Furthermore, a school that provides good athletic equipment for its students will find that they are more willing to participate in physical activities. Since these activities are also an important part of their education, the importance of good equipment cannot be ignored.
Ideally, a school should provide its students with a well- balanced education that helps them develop all of their skills. For this reason, it is important that schools do not ignore sports activities. Setting aside more money for these activities will help schools to develop better physical education programs and encourage more students to participate in them.
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