托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作字?jǐn)?shù)要求是多少
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作備考中,對(duì)于字?jǐn)?shù),是很多同學(xué)所關(guān)心的。具體的作文字?jǐn)?shù)大概在多少是最合理的,讓人閱讀起來(lái)是最舒適的?下面小編為大家整理了相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,供大家參考學(xué)習(xí)。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作字?jǐn)?shù)要求是多少
1.字?jǐn)?shù)本身
字?jǐn)?shù)在一定程度上決定著成績(jī)。但并不是說(shuō)字?jǐn)?shù)與你的成績(jī)是一個(gè)線性的正相關(guān)。省去一些論證過(guò)程,我們需要記住以下兩點(diǎn):
1、字?jǐn)?shù)多成績(jī)好的同學(xué),可能是托福寫(xiě)作游戲的幸存者。(他們本來(lái)基礎(chǔ)就好,超過(guò)一定字?jǐn)?shù)后的分?jǐn)?shù)加成并不多),因此不需要執(zhí)迷于字?jǐn)?shù);
2、字?jǐn)?shù)太少不行。(細(xì)節(jié)展開(kāi)不充分,語(yǔ)言信息量太少)所以字?jǐn)?shù)與高分之間應(yīng)當(dāng)存在一個(gè)匹配的范圍,而不是“字?jǐn)?shù)越多,成績(jī)?cè)礁摺?。超過(guò)這個(gè)范圍的字?jǐn)?shù)本身不會(huì)減低你的分?jǐn)?shù),但是逐漸增加的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤、拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤都成了扣分點(diǎn)。
2.字?jǐn)?shù)之外
字?jǐn)?shù)與成績(jī)之間存在一個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)閥:信息量。當(dāng)我們閱讀一些出自native speaker的英語(yǔ)文章時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們能夠用最精煉的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出許多信息量。打個(gè)比方,他們用1句話就能表達(dá)出6個(gè)信息點(diǎn);而我們或許1句話撐死也只能表達(dá)3個(gè)信息點(diǎn)。那我們就需要比他們多花一倍的筆墨去說(shuō)同樣信息容量的故事。如果你的語(yǔ)言能力夠好,那么就會(huì)削弱字?jǐn)?shù)的影響。但遺憾的是,我們大多數(shù)人并不具備這樣的能力,因此字?jǐn)?shù)仍舊是一個(gè)不可忽視的部分。
合理字?jǐn)?shù)范圍:獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作450左右
3.字?jǐn)?shù)之于獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作
再看獨(dú)立,對(duì)于大多數(shù)的考生來(lái)說(shuō),字?jǐn)?shù)越多,語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤、拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤也會(huì)越多。雖然ETS對(duì)于語(yǔ)法和拼寫(xiě)有一定的容錯(cuò),但是不要把寬容當(dāng)縱容啊,各位。對(duì)于大多數(shù)主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)受訓(xùn)過(guò)的考生來(lái)說(shuō),主體段三段每一段130詞+基本能夠算是展開(kāi)充分了(如一開(kāi)始所說(shuō)的,字?jǐn)?shù)不是唯一的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),還要看你的內(nèi)容和信息量),加上開(kāi)頭段和結(jié)尾段,才有了450±20詞這樣的說(shuō)法。同時(shí),如果我們對(duì)自己的實(shí)力沒(méi)有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確認(rèn)知的話,多打字其實(shí)也是一種消耗。
關(guān)于托福寫(xiě)作字?jǐn)?shù)的小建議
第一,對(duì)于不同類型的作文模板要爛熟于胸。模板熟了就不至于到了考場(chǎng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)組織文章框架,并且模板會(huì)多少啟發(fā)我們的思路。
第二,將機(jī)經(jīng)中的題目按不同話題歸類,如教育、科技等。然后按話題收集素材,做到對(duì)??荚掝}常見(jiàn)素材的熟悉,不至于到了考場(chǎng)再搜腸刮肚。
第三,平時(shí)就多注意練習(xí)限時(shí)作文,以免考場(chǎng)上一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間讓自己感覺(jué)委屈壓抑。
第四,多舉例子,自己生活中的就行。很多時(shí)候你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),其實(shí)你并不需要想太多的分論點(diǎn),只需寫(xiě)出的分論點(diǎn)后舉個(gè)例子支持就已經(jīng)不知不覺(jué)夠了字?jǐn)?shù)。
托福綜合寫(xiě)作兩大結(jié)構(gòu)安排分析與比較
新托福(課程)考試寫(xiě)作部分的第一個(gè)任務(wù)是“Integrated Task”即綜合寫(xiě)作,它是一種全新的題型,大部分學(xué)生對(duì)于如何應(yīng)對(duì)綜合寫(xiě)作缺乏相關(guān)的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),很大程度依賴于教師的指導(dǎo),其中一個(gè)重要的方面就是如何安排文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)此,ETS并沒(méi)有給出詳細(xì)的官方建議,只是在ETS公開(kāi)的綜合寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,給出了5分(即滿分)作文的定義如下:
A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized, and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections。
可以看出,ETS并沒(méi)有規(guī)定一篇綜合寫(xiě)作應(yīng)該使用某種固定的結(jié)構(gòu)模式,而只是從信息點(diǎn)的準(zhǔn)確提煉,信息組織的條理性和語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性這幾個(gè)角度定義了一篇滿分作文。然而實(shí)踐中,這樣的指導(dǎo)性建議太為籠統(tǒng)。學(xué)生還是期望教師能夠給出一種易于理解的,安全有效的且操作性強(qiáng)的結(jié)構(gòu),在考試時(shí)依照這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)建文章的主體,并以此為基礎(chǔ)填充細(xì)節(jié),從而快速高效地完成作文。
經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的教學(xué),總結(jié)出兩種適合新托福綜合寫(xiě)作的結(jié)構(gòu)安排,為了形象理解,稱為“點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)”型和“面對(duì)面”型的結(jié)構(gòu),本文就將對(duì)這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析和比較。
一、“點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)
“點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)指的是把綜合寫(xiě)作中的閱讀材料和聽(tīng)力材料的每一個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)都單獨(dú)提煉出來(lái)用一個(gè)段落加以闡述。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以把閱讀文章和聽(tīng)力材料的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系更細(xì)致地進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,使文章層次感強(qiáng),同時(shí)反映出考生提煉信息和對(duì)比信息的能力更高。
二、“面對(duì)面”的結(jié)構(gòu)
“點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)指是最理想的結(jié)構(gòu)安排模式,但有時(shí)候考生并不能準(zhǔn)確地尋找到閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料之間的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)。這有可能是因?yàn)殚喿x和聽(tīng)力材料之間的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)本身就不是很明顯,或者由于考生自身的能力問(wèn)題,沒(méi)有完全聽(tīng)懂或看懂,則要寫(xiě)成“點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)安排模式,難度會(huì)比較大。遇到這種情況,建議考生可以嘗試使用“面對(duì)面”的結(jié)構(gòu)安排模式。它與“點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)安排模式的區(qū)別在于,“面對(duì)面”作文的結(jié)構(gòu)并不是逐條闡述對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn),而是在總得闡明聽(tīng)力和閱讀文章之間的關(guān)系后,分別總結(jié)聽(tīng)力材料或閱讀材料的要點(diǎn),從“面”上闡述聽(tīng)力和閱讀材料之間的聯(lián)系。
可以看出,“點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)”和“面對(duì)面”的結(jié)構(gòu)有各自的特點(diǎn),但總得來(lái)說(shuō)“點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)在“對(duì)比型”的新托福綜合寫(xiě)作中要更適用一些,因?yàn)樗馨衙茳c(diǎn)逐一呈現(xiàn),更細(xì)致地體現(xiàn)了聽(tīng)力和閱讀材料之間的關(guān)系。但掌握“面對(duì)面”的結(jié)構(gòu)也很有必要,因?yàn)樗梢赃m用一些聽(tīng)力和閱讀材料之間的關(guān)系是一致、延伸或解釋型的考題。此外,在考生無(wú)法尋找到所有的對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)時(shí),用“面對(duì)面”的結(jié)構(gòu)也算是一種補(bǔ)救措施。
附:新托福綜合寫(xiě)作sample answer 兩篇,針對(duì)的是同一個(gè)考題,第一篇用的是“點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)”結(jié)構(gòu),第二篇用的是“面對(duì)面”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
Sample answer 1
Urban sprawl is defined as the growth of cities in an unplanned manner, spreading outward rather than upward. Although urban sprawl brings some positive influence to our lives such as new homes and businesses, better schools, less noise and crime, etc., many people, especially environmental campaigners, see it as harmful to human life and the nature, as it robs people of nature, wiping out parks and farmland, and also brings traffic congestion to roads linking cities and suburbs。
The New Urbanism movement is designed to address urban sprawl, and communities such as Celebration in Florida, which is constructed applying New Urbanism principals, have proved very effective in solving this problem. The first principle of New Urbanism is to provide effective transportation system and environmental protection. To achieve this, the town of Celebration has a large area of greenbelt dedicated to wildlife preservation. It also has buildings that are environmentally friendly and energy-efficient. New Urbanism’s second principle is to provide housing and jobs that are close together. This is reflected in Celebration’s office and apartment buildings which are all densely constructed in a small area to avoid sprawling. Finally, New Urbanism requires neighborhoods to have both single and multi-family residences, and this is exactly what can be seen in the town of Celebration, where residents live close together and find it easy to socialize。
Urban sprawl is low-density, outward growth and mostly single-family residences. Its negative effects are robbing us of our nature and having us meeting traffic jams between cities and suburbs, while its positive effects are providing home construction, new business and better schools, making less noise and causing less crime。
Sample Answer 2
New urbanism has emerged to solve the problem of urban sprawl. Regions have to create transportation systems and environmental protection; Cities need to offer housing and jobs that are close together; Neighborhoods should have single- and multi-family housing where residence can walk to stores, public transportation and parks。
Take the community of Celebration for example. It meets the goal of social and civic interaction by setting up a central market street district and housing including single- and multi-family residences. It also meets the goal of environment preservation with its good environmentally-friendly town design, and with high-rise offices and apartment buildings which help reduce the population density。
New urbanism like celebration will bring new changes to urban sprawl。
托福寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)料庫(kù):外國(guó)電影本國(guó)電影哪個(gè)有趣
Movies and TV made in your country are more interesting compared with movies and programs made in another country?是否同意本國(guó)的電影比外國(guó)的電影更加有趣?(2013.03.16)
作家立場(chǎng): 外國(guó)的電影電視比本國(guó)的電影電視更加有趣。
【思路拓展】
支持外國(guó)電影:
1. 外國(guó)的電影更加有趣,因?yàn)樘骄课粗?,滿足好奇心是人之本性,由于文化和歷史的差異,外國(guó)的電影通常對(duì)于人們的吸引力更大。例如,我個(gè)人喜歡看外國(guó)科幻電影,科幻電影暢想未來(lái),可以激發(fā)我的想象力和創(chuàng)造力。然而,本國(guó)的電影,敘述歷史,情節(jié)老套,背景熟悉,可以預(yù)測(cè)故事結(jié)局,因此,很多像我一樣的年輕人不感興趣。
2. 看外國(guó)電影是一種很好的拓寬視野的方式,放松身心的方式。
3. 外國(guó)電影吸引年輕人的另外一個(gè)重要的原因就是其優(yōu)質(zhì)的制作,很多外國(guó)電影,場(chǎng)面恢弘,人物俊美,情節(jié)起伏,因此可以給觀影人帶來(lái)持續(xù)的新鮮感。
支持國(guó)電影:(讓步段使用)
本國(guó)的電影也有利好,可以加深我們對(duì)于本民族文化的洞察,拓寬我們的知識(shí)面,激發(fā)我們的愛(ài)國(guó)熱情。
【薛鵬原創(chuàng)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)】
1. foreign movies or TV programs = movies or TV programs made in another country 外國(guó)的電影電視
2. home-made movies or TV programs 本國(guó)的電影電視
3. exert a far more profound influence on sb 對(duì)于…… 施加了更加深遠(yuǎn)的影響
4. I enjoy a fairly diverse range of films and TV programs 我喜歡看很多類型的電影和電視節(jié)目。
5. The movies and TV shows made in foreign countries can,to larger extent, intrigue my personal interest 外國(guó)的電影電視,更大程度上使我感興趣。
6. arouse my sympathy 引起我的共鳴
7. Science fiction movies can stir my wild imagination and develop my vivid creativity 科幻電影可以激發(fā)我豐富想象力以及創(chuàng)造力。
8. bring me constant sense of refreshment 給我?guī)?lái)持久的新鮮感
9. deepen my insight into exotic cultures 加深對(duì)于異國(guó)文化的洞察
解析:exotic adj.異國(guó)情調(diào)的
10. When I watch a foreign movie or show, I can always be greatly attracted by its gripping plot,eye-catching heroes and unexpected ending 看外國(guó)的影視劇,我總是被其引人入勝的情節(jié),帥氣美麗的主角以及出人意料的結(jié)局所吸引。
11. Language is another reason why foreign movies and TV programs can be more fascinating than the counterpart made in one's own country. 語(yǔ)言是另外一個(gè)原因,為何外國(guó)電影比本國(guó)電影更加有吸引力。
12. The debate reminds me of An American classic movie, Titanic ……爭(zhēng)議使得想起了經(jīng)典的美國(guó)電影,泰坦尼克
13. Success only favors those who dare to give it a try, take risk, assume responsibilities and accept challenges 成功青睞哪些敢于嘗試,敢于冒險(xiǎn),承擔(dān)責(zé)任以及接受挑戰(zhàn)的人。
14. The brave ended up wining honor and enjoying tremendous reputation故事的結(jié)局是,勇敢者最終獲得榮譽(yù)以及聲名遠(yuǎn)播
解析:end up doing sth 最終以 ……為結(jié)局
15. Many home-made movies fail to arouse my interest and impulse of watching 很多本國(guó)電影無(wú)法引起我觀看的興趣和沖動(dòng)
解析:impulse n沖動(dòng)
16. A good domestic movie or TV show might also be captivating. 本國(guó)制作的電影電視,也許也是有意思的。
解析:captivating 引起興趣的;有魅力的
拓展:amusing = interesting 有意思的
拓展:fascinating =attractive 有吸引力的
17. arouse our patriotism 激發(fā)我們愛(ài)國(guó)熱情
18. deepen our insight into national culture and history. 加深我們對(duì)于民族歷史和文化洞察
19. In comparison with A, I have a preference for B 和…… 對(duì)比,我更加喜歡……
20. I prefer to do sth rather than do sth 我喜歡做…… 勝過(guò)做……
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作字?jǐn)?shù)要求是多少相關(guān)文章:
★ 托福獨(dú)立作文字?jǐn)?shù)要求是多少(2)
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