為了幫助大家提高托福寫(xiě)作成績(jī)，下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福寫(xiě)作中的邏輯關(guān)系詞，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助！

托福寫(xiě)作中的邏輯關(guān)系詞

作文中的邏輯聯(lián)系詞一直都是幫助考生提高自己成績(jī)的至寶。我們?cè)趯?xiě)英文復(fù)雜句的時(shí)候其實(shí)就是將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子用連接詞連接起來(lái)的。前面沒(méi)有連接詞的主+謂+賓的結(jié)構(gòu)叫做主句，而前面加了連接詞的主+謂+賓叫做從句。而如果是多個(gè)句子的疊加，則結(jié)構(gòu)如下。

主句+連詞+從句+連詞+從句

英文復(fù)雜句的本質(zhì)其實(shí)就是這么簡(jiǎn)單，當(dāng)然我們還能寫(xiě)出更加困難的復(fù)雜句，但從ets給出的滿分范文可以看出，真正確保了核心結(jié)構(gòu)才能寫(xiě)出滿分的句子。相反的，我們?cè)趯?xiě)托福作文的時(shí)候一定要避免為了寫(xiě)難句而寫(xiě)難句(being difficult just for difficulty’s sake).很多同學(xué)一相情愿的寫(xiě)出很多的“難句”，卻忽視了ets對(duì)托福作文實(shí)用加準(zhǔn)確的要求，從而拿了出乎本人意料的低分。

所以考生們?cè)谄綍r(shí)練習(xí)作文的時(shí)候提高自己的聯(lián)系詞實(shí)用的熟練度和準(zhǔn)確度就是提高考試作文質(zhì)量的最佳途徑。

轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系詞

1， While; whereas; whilst：用在句首或是句中都是可以的，表示主句和從句的對(duì)比，也就是說(shuō)這三個(gè)詞均用來(lái)表示句中對(duì)比，是不能當(dāng)成句首副詞來(lái)用的。

Eg

This is based on the belief that identical twins share all the same genes whereas all the fraternal twins share only half the same genes.

While environmentalists are quick to blame the increased carbon dioxide emissions for the global warming, the truth is that nobody knows whether a similar warming-and the later cooling-occurred before the advent of temperature-related technology in the 1900s.

2， by/in contrast:用在句首，表示它之前的一個(gè)句子和它后面引導(dǎo)的句子之間的對(duì)比，也就是表示句間對(duì)比。

3， on the contrary：這個(gè)詞考生們都很喜歡用，但是錯(cuò)誤率很高。需要注意的是這個(gè)詞和in contrast弄混了，但其實(shí)這個(gè)此更接近instead，…的意思。它后面的內(nèi)容是否定前面的陳述的。

Eg：

It should be noted that not all school kids love to study. On the contrary, they love to explore the world around them, paying little attention to their academic work.

Contrary to all the experts’ expectation, the American economy took a nosedive.

4， rather than/instead of: 而不是，這兩詞是高分范文中的常見(jiàn)詞匯，雖然也很為我們所熟悉，但是我們可以在不產(chǎn)生審美疲勞的情況下多使用幾次。

At work, we should try to be ourselves rather than to be someone who we think others expect us to be.

Instead of making further requests, pessimistic customers tend to lodge complaints.

5， Conversely:這貨十分難寫(xiě)，跟在它后面的內(nèi)容一般是把它前面的一句話的意思完全鏡像。雖然它在美式議論文還算比較常見(jiàn)的一個(gè)單詞，但是因?yàn)槠溆梅ù_實(shí)讓人頭痛。具體請(qǐng)看例句：

Studies have shown, for example, that reading aloud to children helps them become better readers. Conversely, children who do not have others reading aloud to them generally find it difficult to learn how to read.

讓步關(guān)系詞

1. Despite; In spite of; Notwithstanding: 后面跟名詞或者代詞。

Eg：

Despite considerable public popularity, many of JFK’s social and civil rights programs had made little progress in a Democrat-controlled but conservative Congress.

2. Nonetheless; Nevertheless: 后面直接跟完整的句子。

Eg：

Nevertheless, people have been harmed, hurt or even killed by them.

3. Even though:很多時(shí)候可以代替although，后面跟從句，表示對(duì)已經(jīng)存在的狀況進(jìn)行讓步。

4. Even if：后面跟從句，表示對(duì)沒(méi)有發(fā)生的情況進(jìn)行讓步。

5. Albeit：一般用在句子中間，后面跟形容詞。

6. As long as：只要，用在句子中間，不僅寫(xiě)作很常用，口語(yǔ)也很常用，比如那句有名的歌詞:I don’t care who you are, where you from , what you did as long as you love me.

7. ….,however +adj.+n.,…: 這個(gè)句型也可以表示讓步，它的有趣的之處就是名詞后面可以省略動(dòng)詞。

Eg：

Most couples, however fossilized their relationship, they always share some interests in common.

8. Admittedly: 他后面的句子一般都會(huì)加個(gè)“however”“but”之類的轉(zhuǎn)折詞匯。

限定關(guān)系詞

1. In terms of: 從。。。意義上來(lái)講;后面跟名詞或者名詞短語(yǔ)，用在句首或者句中都可以。

Eg：

We all differ in terms of what we find funny, but we’re all the same in terms our interests to listen to amusing things.

These children are often spoiled, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have time for this, but in more material ways.

2. As for：后面可跟名詞或者名詞短語(yǔ)都可以，用在句首

3. When it comes to:后面跟名詞或者名詞短語(yǔ)，用在句首，有時(shí)候根據(jù)上下意思不同還可以再前面加上一個(gè)but

4. Regarding; concerning; with regard to; with respect to：關(guān)于。。。后面跟名詞或者名詞短語(yǔ)，用在句首或者句中都可以

類比關(guān)系詞

1. Similarly:“類似地”一般情況下用在句首

Eg:

Similarly, students who have to cope with intense peer pressure may have a hard time concentrating on their academic subjects.

2. Likewise:同上

Eg

Some people have little power to do good, and to have little strength to resist evil.-------Samuel Johnson.

3. By the same token:：“同理”

Eg:

The pressure didn’t present any fresh ideas, bun y the same token(=similarly), we didn’t expect any from him.

4. The same is true of:“這對(duì)于。。。也適用”，句首，后面跟名詞或者名詞短語(yǔ)

因果關(guān)系詞

原因：

1. As; Since:后面跟從句而不能只跟一個(gè)名詞

Eg：

Since we cannot experience everything all by ourselves, we also acquire knowledge by reading books, magazines and newspapers.

2. Due to ：后面只能跟從句而不能跟從句。

3. Owing to：同上

4. For the sake of，相當(dāng)于英文中的for the purpose of helping/improving

Eg

My father kept saving his money for the sake of building a house for me.

5. By virtue of:意識(shí)是“通過(guò)。。。來(lái)。。?！?/p>

Eg:

She succeed by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent.

6. Given that; In view of, in light of“考慮到，鑒于。。?！?/p>

Eg:

Given the mounting pressure at work, he would sacrifice his high-paying job in exchange for the leisure time.

所以：

1. Hence; Thus; Therefore:因此; 用在句中或者句首都可以，如果用在句中的話，則句中用分號(hào)，后面跟他們引導(dǎo)的從句。

2. As a consequence; Consequently;as a result: 作為結(jié)果，用在句首比較多，后面用逗號(hào)。

3. So that：因此，用在句中。

托福寫(xiě)作詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用兩大原則

一?！把院?jiǎn)樸實(shí)原則”

“言簡(jiǎn)樸實(shí)原則”意思是行文主張不寫(xiě)嚕蘇或絢麗的字眼(flowery or wordy)，句子應(yīng)該越短越好，一句能用兩個(gè)字，絕不多加一個(gè)。例如：

At this point in time， we should pull together for our goal. (現(xiàn)在我們應(yīng)該為我們的目標(biāo)團(tuán)結(jié)一致)這句話中“At this point in time”表示“現(xiàn)在”，我們完全可以用now來(lái)代替。

Despite the fact that my English is not very good， I am not discouraged。(雖然我的英語(yǔ)不好，但我不灰心。) 這句話中despite the fact tha t= although = though，因此我們完全可以改成Although my English is not very good， I am not discouraged。

In the majority of cases， he likes to ride bike to the office. (他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室)。很簡(jiǎn)單的一句話，完全可以寫(xiě)成 He usually likes to ride bike to the office。

平時(shí)我們所說(shuō)的用詞多樣化和地道并不是體現(xiàn)在這些時(shí)間副詞或者是完全可以簡(jiǎn)化的啰嗦句型上，而是指實(shí)用性極強(qiáng)的詞如動(dòng)詞和形容詞，比如：

Original： Solving trivial problems in the dorm will add your social experience and help you to understand other people’s feelings and learn to be kind。

Revised： Solving trivial problems in the dorm will enrich your social experience and help you to understand other people’s feelings and learn to be considerate。

add，kind表達(dá)的含義都比較寬泛。add可以指數(shù)量上的增加，也可以指程度的加強(qiáng)，對(duì)于“豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)、增加知識(shí)”這個(gè)意思，用enrich會(huì)使表達(dá)更準(zhǔn)確。kind從字面意義上講是“好的、善良的”，用kind來(lái)形容人無(wú)法具體地表現(xiàn)出一個(gè)人的性格特征到底怎樣，原句中是想表達(dá)“考慮周到、體貼入微”的特點(diǎn)，要準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)這個(gè)含義應(yīng)選擇considerate。

另外，我們常見(jiàn)的一些累贅用詞表現(xiàn)在句意的理解上，比如：

He has had many years of (actual) experience in business. (他有多年經(jīng)商的經(jīng)驗(yàn)) actual是多余的，因?yàn)閑xperience已經(jīng)有actual的意味了。

We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio. (我們裝好收音機(jī)的零件)assemble本身就有together的意思，因此together是多余的。

此外還有，in reference to=about; draw to close=end; at an early date=soon等。

二。“平等相處原則”

“平等相處原則”的意思是行文不出現(xiàn)明顯的帶歧視或偏見(jiàn)的字眼，包括男女性別，也要避免區(qū)別，以示“平等”。例如：

Many businessmen(businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful. (許多商人覺(jué)得工作壓力很大)這句話寫(xiě)businessmen或是businesswomen都是不妥當(dāng)?shù)?，可以改為business people或business executives或business managers就可以包括男女了。

Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy。(警察對(duì)人民應(yīng)該有禮貌)假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改為 police officers 就可避免男女性別

Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes。(國(guó)際航線的空中小姐有時(shí)會(huì)有時(shí)差疲憊的現(xiàn)象)如把 stewardess 改為 flight attendant，就能包括男女空中服務(wù)員。

其他的如把salesman或saleswoman改為salesperson;把mailman改為mail carrier或postal worker;把foreman改為supervisor等等。

當(dāng)然，一些帶有種族偏見(jiàn)的字眼，甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur)，也要盡量避免使用，以免鬧出麻煩。例如：

對(duì)黑人不要用 Negro，更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 還可以)，禮貌的說(shuō)法是Afro-American 或 African-American;

對(duì)白人不要用 Honky(這是黑人罵白人的用字)，正確用法是 Caucasian，或 white people;

對(duì)猶太人不要用 Hymies，應(yīng)該叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;

對(duì)越南人不要用 Gook，要用 Vietnamese;

至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人，包括 Puerto Rico，正確的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins，不過(guò)據(jù)說(shuō)西班牙人為了維護(hù)自己的文化，倒喜歡別人稱為 Spaniard。

還有黑白結(jié)婚的孩子，也不可稱為 Oreo(Oreo 餅干外面是巧克力，里面是白奶油)。

當(dāng)然對(duì)于一些很不禮貌的老外叫我們中國(guó)人Chink 或 Chinaman，而不是Chinese的時(shí)候，話說(shuō)“君子不與小人斗”，我們可以不理(ignore)或是走開(kāi)(walk away)，盡量避免沖突。

總之，新托福寫(xiě)作要地道，了解他國(guó)的文化也是必不可少的“功課”之一。當(dāng)然，在考試復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間不充裕的情況下，盡量避免提及非常敏感的話題及用詞，清楚簡(jiǎn)要地表達(dá)意思即可。

托福寫(xiě)作范文：The Nobel Academy

The Nobel Academy

For the last 82years, Sweden’s Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within. Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten, the cultural editor for one of the country’s two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent "what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes."

The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy’s inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.

Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author’s books.

托福寫(xiě)作范文：The war between Britain and France

The war between Britain and France

In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe. This goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties. Britain built coalitions (not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO) guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths; France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Caldaria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.

French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.