托福寫作怎樣訓(xùn)練邏輯思維
清晰縝密的邏輯思維是托福寫作的加分項，那么我們平時該怎么去訓(xùn)練這種邏輯性呢?下面小編就給大家分享一下!
托福寫作怎樣訓(xùn)練邏輯思維
經(jīng)常有學(xué)生抱怨說，獨(dú)立寫作很少能找到比較好的范文，去看美國本土的雜志又覺得文體和詞句相對托福來說太難了，也不知道美國本土學(xué)生遇到托福這樣的essay會如何寫。其實(shí)聰明的學(xué)生往往會發(fā)現(xiàn)，真正美國人要求的300字以上的獨(dú)立寫作文章往往可以參考綜合寫作的閱讀和聽力文章的結(jié)構(gòu)及論證方法，而不用舍近求遠(yuǎn)。
首先從文章結(jié)構(gòu)上看
閱讀文章一共4段，第1段是總的觀點(diǎn)，2， 3， 4段都是分論點(diǎn)來論證總觀點(diǎn)，ETS一直強(qiáng)調(diào)：”structure isfairly important， it's like you see someone in distance what you see is a shapefirst”， 四段式或五段式(加一個結(jié)尾段)是理想的文章結(jié)構(gòu)。對于到底幾個分論點(diǎn)，ETS說”one is not enough， two is coincidental and three is convincing， four is fine”， 因此對分論點(diǎn)的要求是兩個以上為佳。我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)綜合作文幾乎都是3個分論點(diǎn)。
其次從段落細(xì)節(jié)上看
第1段是作者事先進(jìn)行的對文章背景的介紹“教育家們已經(jīng)意識到高中對于許多同學(xué)來說是一個很困難的經(jīng)歷。伴隨著學(xué)術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)帶來的壓力，高中同時也是一個產(chǎn)生社交，情感，甚至是財政壓力的地方?！本o接著，作者便很順當(dāng)?shù)谋砻髁俗约旱挠^點(diǎn)“而減少這些非學(xué)術(shù)壓力的有效方法之一就是通過要求學(xué)生穿校服使得學(xué)生們都穿相同的衣服?！睆氖锥慰闯鑫覀兿胍獙懞瞄_頭段的方法之一便是一定要讓讀者覺得我們觀點(diǎn)的提出不是那么突兀的，而要用一個背景介紹來做很好的引入，背景是這個話題所產(chǎn)生的時間，地點(diǎn)或環(huán)境，對于“校服和非學(xué)術(shù)壓力”而言背景的地點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是在學(xué)校，作者定位在了高中，時間是目前很普遍，因此作者用了完成時，而環(huán)境則是目前學(xué)生的非學(xué)術(shù)壓力有哪些：社交，情感，甚至是財政，這樣背景就輕而易舉地寫好了，獨(dú)立作文中好的背景介紹是吸引讀者眼球，順?biāo)浦鄣奶岢鲇^點(diǎn)的至關(guān)重要的一步。緊接著就是表明觀點(diǎn)，作者往往會在引入完背景和話題后表明自己的態(tài)度，表明觀點(diǎn)會有一些提醒讀者“我要表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)了”的信號詞，如：the best way to， however/while/but， would benefit/harm; be beneficial/harmful to， be convincing， claim， far more (efficient/trustworthy)， more likely等等，此文章中就用了“one of the effective way of decreasingthis kind of non-academic stress is to require students to wear schooluniforms”讓讀者很快捕捉到了作者的觀點(diǎn)。在獨(dú)立作文中清晰的表明觀點(diǎn)是非常重要的。
第2、3、4段分別是3個分論點(diǎn)，首先分論點(diǎn)句的寫法也是有講究的，綜合作文的分論點(diǎn)句往往在每段的開頭就寫出來了，讓讀者一目了然這段要寫什么，如這篇文章的3個分論點(diǎn)句分別是每段的開頭：“穿校服可以使高中花費(fèi)減少”，“穿校服可以減少青少年的自卑感”，“穿校服會減少學(xué)生的欺凌行為”。
寫分論點(diǎn)句的5個原則在于：1. 分論點(diǎn)句要有關(guān)鍵詞，對于此文章來說關(guān)鍵詞是“穿校服”、“減少”，因此分論點(diǎn)句中會重復(fù)出現(xiàn)這幾個詞，但是又不能每句話都用“wearing the same school uniform”和“reduce”， 這時候就要求學(xué)生有同義詞替換能力，作者用的其他幾個同意替換詞分別為“such a policy”， “a mandatoryschool-uniform policy”， “eliminate”， “decrease”， 很好地避開了詞匯重復(fù)。2. 分論點(diǎn)句要能論證總論點(diǎn)，也就是說分論點(diǎn)一定是能減少非學(xué)術(shù)壓力的，那么“花費(fèi)”、“自卑”、“欺凌”都是非學(xué)術(shù)壓力，減少了這些，自然就證明了減少非學(xué)術(shù)壓力了，因此很好的證明了總論點(diǎn)。3. 分論點(diǎn)句不能太細(xì)節(jié)，不可太長，要有可拓展性。比如說“減少花費(fèi)”完全可以問個為什么，如果論點(diǎn)句寫“減少花費(fèi)是由于可以通過穿校服來減少穿貴的流行的衣服來減少花費(fèi)”這就太細(xì)節(jié)了，會使得在拓展的時候不知道要寫什么了，也就是說你可以接下來用解釋法，舉例法等來細(xì)節(jié)展開這個籠統(tǒng)的句子，而不是說完一句分論點(diǎn)句，下面都沒有可說的了。4. 分論點(diǎn)句中不能包含2個論點(diǎn)，如把“減少花費(fèi)和減少自卑感”放在一個論點(diǎn)句里來寫就不合適，因?yàn)橄旅娴恼撟C就不知道是論證穿校服減少花費(fèi)還是減少自卑感了，會顯得混亂。5. 段與段分論點(diǎn)與分論點(diǎn)之間也要有銜接詞，對于這篇關(guān)于校服的綜合作文，作者在寫三個分論點(diǎn)時銜接的非常恰當(dāng)，用了“one of the most obvious benefits......”，“furthermore.....also”， “finally....”， 使得讀者覺得很有層次感。
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：讀小說比看電影更愉快
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Reading fiction (such as novels and short stories) is more enjoyable than watching movies. Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.
Reading fiction, such as novels and short stories, is more enjoyable than watching a movie. Of course the images in a movie are much more vivid, because you’re seeing them on a large screen in a dark room. The images you “see” in a novel are only as strong as your own imagination. But the more you read, the stronger your imagination becomes. Reading exercise your imaginative powers. Watching a movie dulls them. Imagination like a muscle needs to be used. Otherwise it can disappear.
When you read, you’re an active participant in your own enjoyment. That’s one reason reading develops the imagination. You’re reading the words on the page and translating them into images in your mind. When you’re watching a movie, you’re a passive viewer. The movie is giving you everything. Nothing comes from you except your reaction to what you’re seeing, and even that can be given you by the movie. Some movie plots are so simple, you can predict what’s going to happen before it does.
Reading fiction also develops your storytelling skills. The more reading you do, the better you become at creating plots and characters. The plots and characters in movies are often very simple, because the emphasis is on action rather than on language or character development.
Still, going to the movies is a great community experience. Sitting in a large theater with a lot of other people is fun. You experience the same reactions to what you’re seeing together. Reading is a one-person experience. It’s a chance to go into an imaginary world by yourself. Both experiences can be fun and rewarding, but I think reading fiction is more enjoyable.
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：年輕人教不了老人什么
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? There is nothing that young people can teach older people. Use specific reasons and details to support your opinion.
Many of us believe that young people have nothing valuable to teach older people. However that is not always the case. Young people can teach older people about technology, young culture, and young-related social issues.
Young people are usually better at using new forms of technology than older people can learn to use computers from young people. This is true of other technology too. For example ,I taught my grandparents how to use a video cassette recorder when I was thirteen years old. They didn’t know what it could do? Showed them. Now they use it regularly.
Older people are usually not familiar with youth culture, and younger people can help here too. This is important because it can help older people live a more enjoyable life. For example, popular music is generally youth oriented, and older people don’t always listen to it. However, when young people teach them about it, they may come to enjoy it. My Grandmother, for example never listened to popular music before I introduces her to it. Note she and I listen and dance all the time. I plan to teach her about another piece of youth culture ---rollerblading----very soon!
Of course, there are more serious issues about which younger people can teach older people. As with computer, today’s children have grown up knowing about AIDS and school violence. That is not true for older generations. Here, again, children can teach older people about things that are important to everyone.
I know there are people who would say “you can’t teach an older dog new tricks.” However, it’s plain to me that the young have plenty to teach the old if they take the time to try. When they do, I think both gain a new appreciation for each other.
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：人們應(yīng)該閱讀真人真事相關(guān)書籍
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read those books that are about real events, real people, and established facts. Use specific reasons and details to support your opinion.
The Important of Fiction
How could anyone suggest that people should only read about real events, real people, and established facts? For one thing, that means people wouldn’t be reading half of all the great books that have ever been written, not to mention the plays, short stories and poetry. For another, it would mean that people’s imaginations would not develop as children and would remain dulled throughout their lives.
Reading stories as a child helps develop our creativity by reaching us a lot about how to use words to create mental images. It open our world up, exposing us to other times and different ways of living. Reading histories of those times would serve kind of the same purpose, but it probably wouldn’t stick in our minds as sharply. Reading an essay about poverty in Victorian England is not the same thing as reading in Charles Dicken’s Oliver Twist. The images of a small boy being sold are more horrifying than simply reading the statement, “children were sold into labor “because a novel makes that small boy seem real to understanding fiction makes a more lasting impression on our minds and emotions.
Besides, storytelling is an emotional need for human beings. From earliest times, humans have taught their children about life, not by telling them facts and figures, but by telling them stories. Some of these stories show what people are like (human nature),and help us experience a wide range of feelings. Some make us think about how we should act. Telling a child that it’s wrong to lie will make little impression, but telling him the story of a little boy whose grows longer every time be tell a lie will make a big impression.
Fiction is too important to our culture, our minds, and our emotions. How could we ever give it up?
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