托福寫作題型結構分類介紹
托福寫作考試的題型也不是單一的，其實也又很多分類，不同的題目結構，其答題的策略也是不一樣的。對于考生而言，掌握這些題型特點，以及對應的寫作方法，是我們提高托福寫作分數(shù)的重要內(nèi)容。具體的托福寫作的題目結構有哪些呢?下面小編為大家整理了詳細的內(nèi)容，供大家參考!
托福寫作題型結構分類介紹
一、應不應該題
這類題目在題目中一般都會含有should一詞，或者含有“應該做”或“不應該做”的意思，問你如此做應不應該?？忌鶕?jù)這些“應該”和“不應該”來寫作文章。
例如這個題目就是應不應該題：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: all school teachers should be required to take courses every five years to update their knowledge.(120114 CN)
二、絕對題
這類題目中常常會帶有絕對的語氣詞，例如only，must，always等;通常這類命題的題目比較明確且語氣比較強烈，就是來問你同不同意這種說法，按照這個思路去構思文章。
下面這個題目就是托福獨立寫作絕對題：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: only movies that can teach us something about real life are worth.(110828 CN)
三、現(xiàn)象證明題
在這一類托福獨立寫作題目中，主要是在討論一個現(xiàn)在可能存在的或者是將來可能會發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象，問你這個現(xiàn)象有沒有或者是會不會出現(xiàn)，考生按照這個思路去拓展寫作文章。
例如下面這個題目就是一個現(xiàn)象證明題：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: in modern times, grandparents cannot give their grandchildren useful advice because the world of today are too different than it was in the past.(140112 CN)
四、比較題
這類題目在考試中也是比較常見的，題目中會含有2個或者3個選項來讓你選擇。這些選擇當中可能是不同事物的橫向對比，也有可能是同一事物的縱向對比，或者是今夕對比，這種情況出現(xiàn)的較多。如果出現(xiàn)這類題目時可能會同應不應該題或者是現(xiàn)象證明題進行混搭，這樣效果會更好一些。
例如下面的題目就是比較題型：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: nowadays advertisements are more honest than they were in the past.(121214 NA)
托福寫作備考之小心這些誤區(qū)
托福寫作和口語雖沒有標準答案，但并不意味著沒有參考標準。寫作部分的評分標準在官方OG中有明確的說明，包括從官方的出分報告來看，評分主要分為三個維度。
文章結構(well-organized)
文章發(fā)展(well-developed)
語言表達(language use)
本文將結合具體的例子分析每個維度如何評分以及如何提升。
一.結構清晰(well-organized)
誤區(qū)一：不是分段落就叫結構清晰!
在OGP611中有一部分關于organization的說明，通過幾個問句提醒同學們一篇完整的文章應該要包含幾個部分：開頭段，主體段和結尾段，并且要分段，結構要清晰。
同學們往往對于每部分要寫什么毋庸置疑，但在準備的過程中，往往重視形式大過內(nèi)容。原則上，在不影響主體段發(fā)揮的前提下，開頭和結尾的方法以及長度隨意(OG中介紹了6種開頭方法以及5種結尾方法)，保證關鍵的信息給出即可;但從大部分同學的實際考試情況來看，開頭和結尾總傾向于事先準備好的模板句型;相反，最重要的主體段沒有留足夠的時間和精力。結果往往撿了芝麻丟了西瓜。所以除非能夠靈活運用OG介紹的方法，否則建議同學簡化開頭和結尾。
我們看一下OG書上的一個開頭段例子：
The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated, as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application.
這個開頭段的前兩句都在強調(diào)話題(create a new holiday)的重要性，屬于贅述(redundancy)，第三句并沒有很直接給出立場，不符合評分標準中的“有效回答問題”。為了獲得一個高分，我們需要避免贅述(redundancy)和偏題(digression)。
其次OG中有個2分的文章，截取每段的第一句話：
In the following, I will illustrate my opinion by two reasons.
First of all, honest make the trust stronger between friends or colleagues.
Secondly, telling a lie always makes things worse not only in work but also in family life.
On the contrary, sometimes it is better to tell a lie to others, such as telling a lie to a patient.
作者想給出2個理由，從正反論證說實話在人際關系中的重要性。而第三段的on the contrary， 看似是對比論證，然而并非是描述”撒謊的弊端“，所以結構上會引起困惑。
關于結構清晰，一方面建議大家不要大片背誦模板句式然后進行堆砌。今年的兩場考試中，已經(jīng)有明確要求Do not use memorized examples.如果不能將模板句式巧妙結合所寫文章熟練混跡在自己的語言表達之下，那么建議踏踏實實審題。另一方面，平時可以結合歷年真題，多訓練開門見山的思維方式，然后根據(jù)不同的話題補充相應的詞匯短語等語料表達，不至于無話可說。
二.展開有條理(well-developed)
誤區(qū)二：不是有邏輯連接詞就叫有邏輯!
首先我們來看一下OG是如何要求well-developed的：
_ave I done my best to support and develop my ideas?
(有沒有支持立場的分論點?)
_o I include enough details in each paragraph so that the main idea and topic sentence are explained fully?
(每段是否有很充分的細節(jié)支持分論點?)
_o I use words and phrases that help the reader think about relationships between different ideas in the essay?
(句與句之間是否有用邏輯連接詞/短語?)
每個段落要做到很好的展開，就要注意句與句之間的邏輯性。OGP618介紹了很多種展開的方法，包括講故事、舉例子、說道理等等，同時補充了大量的邏輯連接詞。同學們習慣于把邏輯連接詞/短語事先準備好，平時練習或者考試時都先打出來再往里面僵硬地填充內(nèi)容，以為可以騙過e-rater和考官。但在這些邏輯詞下，我們往往會看到同學寫出這樣的內(nèi)容：因為獨生子女，所以自私;因為科技和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，所以壓力大。
其實第二句和第一句之間并沒有直接的因果關系，第二句并不是對第一句的進一步論述，所以即便有暗示邏輯關系的連接詞/短語，內(nèi)容上并非如此。也就是不符合評分標準中的漸進性(progression)。
在第一個“因為獨生子女，所以自私”的例子中，我們可以這樣推理：獨生子女(only-child)→得到更多家人的關注(limelight)→缺少付出的意識(less give, more take)→自私(egoism);此外，獨生子女→缺少和兄弟姐妹的相處(interact with siblings)→缺少分享的意識(share)→自私。
這樣的兩條簡單邏輯鏈就可以推出“自私”的結果。
所以針對這一問題，建議同學們結合咱們點題班或者老師整理的機經(jīng)中的主題句，在草稿紙上用中文關鍵詞羅列因果鏈，訓練演繹推理的方法，反復追問因果關系(causality)是否成立。
三.語言運用(language use)
誤區(qū)三：不是辭藻華麗就叫好句子!
語言部分OG對于我們的要求是consistent facility in the use of language，給我們的具體建議是:句式結構豐富(a variety of sentence structures)和恰當?shù)拇朕o( appropriate word choice)，評分者會從以下四個角度去審查
語法錯誤(grammar)
詞匯使用(usage)
技術層面(mechanics)
語言風格(style)
詞匯
詞匯層面是同學們最糾結的痛點，背的往往用不上，寫出來的都是簡單詞。其實詞匯并沒有高低貴賤之說，只有恰當?shù)氐琅c否。但很多時候，“恰當”“地道”更難把握。
比如“不利于教學進程”的表達，大部分同學會用“exert negative effects on the process of education”;但在一定的語境下，stagnate(停滯)這個詞要比exert negative effects更有畫面感，更能吸引讀者的閱讀興趣。同樣，想表達“不利于彼此的關系”，用“undermine mutual relationship”比“do harm to relationship between each other”更簡潔。想表達“越來越多”的時候并不總是“more and more”，形容詞“increasing/gradual”也可以。還有“according to how urge and important the task is”可以用priority這個詞來表達，即“according to the priority of different tasks”。
想做到熟練恰當運用這些詞匯的話，和平時大量的精讀以及課外英文小說閱讀習慣的養(yǎng)成密不可分。讀寫不分家，所以為了實實在在能提高寫作部分的詞匯量，一方面建議同學們平時做閱讀不要僅僅為了檢測老師講的方法論的可行性，可以選擇喜歡的文章進行精讀;同時筆記本上及時記下那些用得恰當?shù)膭釉~、形容詞。另一方面，通過寫作部分范文的精讀，積累詞匯和短語甚至句型。
詞匯的用法一定要結合具體的語境，“do sb. good”中的每個詞匯都很簡單，但是并非不如conducive/beneficial。
句式
句子多樣性并非是指大量的長難句、倒裝句等各種，往往我們中國考生在追求長難的時候，評分者更希望考生的句子可讀性強(legible)。何為可讀?并不是詞匯句式簡單到小學生都能看懂，而是在內(nèi)容豐富且邏輯漸進的基礎上，長短結合，會靈活使用簡單句、并列句和從句。
OG中有這樣一個片段：
Baseball is the great American sport. And, it is thought of as a summer pastime. So as soon as the weather turns warm, all the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. And soon they form teams and play each other. But all summer, they always find time to listen to pro games on the radio. And they watch them on TV.
對這樣一個以大量并列連接詞前置句首的片段進行了細微地修改，變成如下版本：
Baseball, the great American sport, is thought of as a summer pastime. As soon as the weather turns warm, the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. Soon, they form teams and play each other, but all summer, they always find time to listen to pro games on the radio and watch them on TV.
詞匯本身并沒有變化，句式豐富性增強了，語言風格更恰當?shù)氐馈?/p>
語法
語法也是語言部分考察的重點，少量的語法錯誤不影響得分。這部分同學們可以認真閱讀OG中的Unit9language use部分，解釋清晰例子詳細，非常完整介紹了語法部分的評分角度。大家往往容易錯的比如并列結構錯誤、詞性不清楚(副詞當連接詞使用)、句子成分殘缺等，一定要在平時的練習中改正過來。否則考場上，即便認真檢查，多半也是檢查不出問題，覺得自己的文章簡直完美。
作文的前期注重積累，后期注重練習。先有輸入才有輸出。托福不考智商，沒有作文是同學們不會寫或者說想不到任何理由的，最關鍵的是，如何用英文準確表達才是關鍵。所以一定要踏實備考，結合OG中的講解，以及老師補充的詞匯、短語和范文，打好基礎。
托福寫作范文：大學應加強設施建設還是招聘好老師
托福獨立寫作題目：
Do you agree or disagree: the universities should spend more money in improving facilities (libraries, computer labs) than hiring famous teachers.
托福寫作模板及參考答案：
托福寫作范文參考一:
2016年7月16日托福獨立寫作范文
寧波新東方 李瑾老師
Cradles of cultivating talents, universities are supposed to provide most high-caliber education. Responding to the expectation, universities have to think the issue over. Compared with hiring more teachers, from my own perspective, keeping facilities and resources in the universities most advanced and updated is more essential not only for students but also for renowned professors.
First of all, students are able to enjoy a better study environment if their schools utilize advanced equipment. With the assistance of exquisite inventions such as electronic screen and projectors, as well as laboratory equipment, like microscopes and chemical reactors, studying would no longer be a tedious and repetitious information engrafting process, but a way everyone would like to get involved in. Similarly, definitions and formulas of physics and chemistry will graven in students’ minds deeply if they are aided by the equipment when experimenting. However, hardly can professors crystalize abstract concepts into definite ideas without advanced teaching devices.
What is more, as for famous teachers themselves, a university that does not invest in its facilities would be appealing. To be constantly enthusiastic on researching their respective academic fields, teachers have a great demand for exquisite facilities to maintain progressing on their own fields. The most sophisticated technological devices offered in universities enable these teachers to conduct successful researches and remain at the top, which is really attractive to those renowned professors. By contrast, old and obsolete teaching and studying facilities will certainly not inspire teachers to keep further academic researching. Also, practically impossible will teachers have interest in making progress.
Granted, it is conceded that hiring more teachers in universities means guaranteeing education quality in some sense because every student will be concerned and cared about. Even slightest and most subtle academic performance changes of students will be noticed; therefore, teachers can encourage and guide frustrated and upsetting students in time. However, while weighing the benefits brought by investing in facilities and hiring more teachers, we can conclude that facilities are more worthwhile.
In conclusion, I should reiterate that universities should update their facilities, making a top priority. Without advanced facilities, a university will not be helped further improved.
托福寫作寫作參考二:
2016年7月16日托福獨立寫作范文(新東方孟炎)
Advanced facilities, like libraries, research center, university hospital are indispensible parts of a good university while famous teachers are also a big component of a prestigious higher institution. Personally, I think it is better for universities to spend more money in hiring famous professors.
Admittedly, research centers can be a place where advanced technology is incubated, a library that incorporates state-of-the-art technology can also be conducive to students' study, however, I still believe that famous professors play a more significant role in assessing the reputation of a university.
First off, well-respected professors in a specific field can bring lots of benefits not only to the whole community but also to the university. To more specific, prestigious professors can come up with theories and solutions to the most intriguing problems faced by human beings, like treatment of cancers, diabetes and even heart attack. Economists can use data and economic models in their empirical study to predict the economy, and it can provide lots of information for the authority to make timely adjustment to their policies. Electronic engineers can design some micro-chips that can sustain large-scale computation. The benefits that professors bring to the school can be also enormous. For instance, a Novel Prize laureate can attract countless research foundations and donations from both the private and public sectors, with this large sum of money, the university can in turn renovate labs, research centers and even libraries.
Additionally, well-established professors and researchers can educate and enlighten brilliant young students and cultivate future scientists. Famous professors are usually expert in education, they might have been teaching and researching in their field for more than a few decades, thus have accumulated lots of rich teaching experience and developed the most effective teaching approach. Together with their superb charisma, lots of bright young adults will be motivated and inspired and therefore embark on the road of scientific endeavor and exploration. Such inspirations and motivations cannot be brought by improved facilities. Indeed, it is the expertise and charisma of these famous professors that attract thousands of brilliant young students to enroll in a college.
To conclude, hiring more famous professors are more advisable than renovating facilities since the scientific discoveries brought by professors can bring colossal benefits to both the community and the university, and also the expertise and charisma of well-established professors can attract, enlighten and cultivate future scientists.
托福寫作范文：想要高薪但是工作時間長的工作嗎
托福寫作真題重現(xiàn)
Would you prefer a higher pay job with longer work time or an average pay job with normal work time.
托福寫作模板及參考答案：
托福寫作范文參考:
2016年7月9日托福獨立寫作范文
In the current society full of fierce competition, we can readily observe that landing an ideal job has become increasingly difficult, which forces us to a concession in the requirement of the job we want. When it comes to which is more appealing, a higher pay job with longer work time or an average pay job with normal work time, people varying in backgrounds and personalities may view the same issue from different angles. From my perspective, towards such a long-running tug-of-war, my choice will depends on what age I am.
On the one hand, during my twenties and thirties, my preference will be a higher pay job with longer work time. For one thing, as for young adults wrestling with various bills in daily life, the high salary will help them to relieve their financial pressure and thus meet their basic need of life. To be specific, the extremely high price of house in China has been beyond the affordable range of most people. In order to pay the rents or afford a house, young people needs desperately a large sum of money which can be earned in a decent job. For another, longer work time is not a big deal for the young, because they are so energetic and vigorous that a sound sleep can help them to restore their vitality. A good case in point is the experience my friend, Andy. As a broker in an Stock Exchange Company in Beijing, he has to deal with large quantities of data and keep close track of any events which may cause the fluctuation of stock price. Although the heavy pressure brought by his job often require him to work overtime and even around the clock, he never makes complaints because the exciting and adventurous experience from selling or buying stocks appeals him a lot.
On the other hand, n the other hand, when I am at the middle age or old age, an average pay job with normal work time will be much better. After accumulating fortunes in the early years of life, old-age people do not suffer from huge financial pressure so that low income will not affect their life greatly. As we know, the old have owned their own houses and are not interested in pursuing the latest electronic devices or fashionable clothes, thus decresing their living cost to a large extent. As a result, they can lead a relatively high-quality life without high wage. Also, older people are usually those who have got married or even have children, so spending more time accompanying their family members is of great significance. Undoubtedly, the job with normal work time can better satisfy the need of staying longer with their kids or spouse. During the stay, the emotional bond between them will become closer and more intimate.
托福寫作題型結構分類介紹相關文章：
10.托福閱讀題型講解