高分托福寫作技巧之段落展開
邏輯清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的段落無疑是托福寫作的加分項(xiàng)之一，為了幫助大家備考托福寫作，下面小編給大家?guī)怼「叻滞懈懽骷记芍温湔归_，來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧!
高分托福寫作技巧之段落展開
新托福作文如果想得高分，個(gè)人覺得字?jǐn)?shù)是越多越好，如果可以擴(kuò)充到450字，那么拿高分的機(jī)會(huì)就會(huì)大一點(diǎn)。
本人剛接觸作文的時(shí)候，覺得最大的問題就是題目的設(shè)置都是些不言自明的或者淺顯的不知道說什么的東西。比如建工廠好不好或者父母是不是最好的老師，盡管有論點(diǎn)，但是就是覺得寫不長(zhǎng)，覺得沒法展開。
具體點(diǎn)的例子，比如是從書本中獲得知識(shí)好還是從實(shí)踐中獲得知識(shí)好，有一段想說從書本中獲得知識(shí)好，因?yàn)闀蛔x就知道很多，多爽啊;實(shí)踐的話要好久才能懂得一個(gè)道理，不efficient。論點(diǎn)是有了，怎么把它展開成150-200字左右的一段呢?
如果可以遵循以下步驟就會(huì)方便展開：闡述正面特征，展開論述，引用例子或數(shù)據(jù)，如果沒有的不良后果。
第一句：topic sentence:書本上獲得的知識(shí)更全面，含量更大
第二句：正面闡述subject特征：書是對(duì)于現(xiàn)象事實(shí)等的文字記錄，盡管事實(shí)復(fù)雜或者事實(shí)的獲得用了很久，但是結(jié)論可以用很簡(jiǎn)單的文字獲得。所以，比起經(jīng)驗(yàn)，書本可以帶給人更多的知識(shí)。(本句是對(duì)書的特點(diǎn)的正面闡述，點(diǎn)名了書本知識(shí)的濃縮性)
從這里，邏輯展開：從書本→濃縮了豐富的知識(shí)變成了書本→其性質(zhì)是把各種經(jīng)驗(yàn)做整理和記錄→濃縮了豐富的知識(shí)。也就是說，說理部分是在簡(jiǎn)單的邏輯(工廠→污染)中間加上一環(huán)(工廠→運(yùn)營(yíng)難免排放廢水廢料廢氣→污染)。這樣看似簡(jiǎn)單，可是這樣中間的一環(huán)卻是必須的，否則你說工廠會(huì)導(dǎo)致污染，判卷人會(huì)覺得：為什么工廠就會(huì)導(dǎo)致污染呢?邏輯跳躍太大了，托福作為就是給一個(gè)6歲小孩講道理，所以要像照顧小孩子一樣對(duì)待閱卷人，邏輯展開一定要一步一步的來。
其實(shí)，到這里說理部分就結(jié)束了，展現(xiàn)了你的思考問題的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。后面的“如果沒有”，“引用例子，數(shù)據(jù)”之類的都是增加文采，擴(kuò)充文字的，依據(jù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短，自己隨便挑兩到三樣加上去即可。
1 引用例子：the example of__ matches my point of view perfectly; To look for better illustration, one can look no further than___; one case in point involves___, 自己編一個(gè)例子即可，可以是真的，也可以是編的，甚至是自己生活中的。引用例子的時(shí)候參考一下上面的句型，別總用for example 和such as
2 引用“權(quán)威”調(diào)查和數(shù)據(jù)。A recent survey, revealing that___ can also serve to demonstrate this point; A research, in which__ were investigated, suggests that____. 調(diào)查和數(shù)據(jù)都是自己編的，別太離譜就行了。
3 如果沒有： seldom can we imagine the situation without___; hundreds of years ago, when there was no__, people_(生活多么麻煩和困難)__
下面是一個(gè)具體例子：
第一句Knowledge obtained from books is more diverse and has larger quantity. (論點(diǎn))
第二句正面闡述對(duì)象特征Books are written form of documentation of facts and phenomenon, which, although obtained through numerous efforts, can be put down in only a few simple words. Therefore, compared to practicing,比較兼插入 reading books can bring people numerous amounts of knowledge in a more convenient and efficient way.
后面的隨便撿兩樣。如果沒有Hardly can we imagine the situation without those concise expressions of ideas. Without the benefits of books, the brilliant ideas of predecessors will be lost due to the lack of recording; students will have no material to go over when they are faced with examinations; all the essence and beauty of poems and novels will never be appreciated by the descendents.(排比，是一個(gè)亮點(diǎn)，如果考場(chǎng)想不起來可以不寫的)
引用例子More specifically, take the biological class as an example. If the teacher wants his students to grasp Mendel’s law of inheritance, instead of guiding the students to grow some pea, he will open up the textbook and tell the students what the result of the experiment that had been conducted is and what law Mendel has found.
引用數(shù)據(jù)Besides, investigation showing that books account for 90 percent of the sources provided for students to obtain knowledge can also support my side.
大家也許可以看出來，后面三個(gè)部分即使扔掉一部分段落還是基本完整的，實(shí)際上本人在考試的時(shí)候，剛開始沒有把三種都用上，是寫完作文還有時(shí)間才再把個(gè)別段落加個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)查，或者再加一句如果沒有的。
另外補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)：寫完例子的時(shí)候最好要再收尾一下，比如說，from the example, we can see that by reading books, we can obtain the most knowledge within a short time 之類的。這樣論述就更完整了，邏輯在老外作文里是很重要的，骨頭長(zhǎng)正了肉才能長(zhǎng)好，人才能漂亮。
托福寫作備考：是否需要練習(xí)限時(shí)寫作
誤區(qū)一：托福寫作字?jǐn)?shù)越多越好。
當(dāng)我們單純的看到“字?jǐn)?shù)越多越好”的時(shí)候，可以說這是有一定的道理的，因?yàn)槿绻愕淖謹(jǐn)?shù)越多，那么就越能更好的闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)，但是很多考友特別喜歡將這種思路發(fā)揮到極致。要知道其實(shí)托福作文如果能達(dá)到350字-450字就已經(jīng)很好了，只要達(dá)到這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)基本上就不會(huì)對(duì)你的分?jǐn)?shù)產(chǎn)生任何負(fù)面的影響了。
誤區(qū)二：剛開始寫作文，就要限定時(shí)間。
當(dāng)我們剛剛開始準(zhǔn)備作文的時(shí)候，我們現(xiàn)在國(guó)內(nèi)的很多考友們，有可能在真正準(zhǔn)備新托?？荚嚨淖魑闹坝锌赡軓膩矶紱]有寫過幾篇作文，因此當(dāng)面的托?？荚囘@么多字?jǐn)?shù)的要求的時(shí)候，常常會(huì)覺得自己無所適從。因此很多人，在準(zhǔn)備不充分的情況下就限定自己一定要在規(guī)定的30分鐘時(shí)間之內(nèi)，完成托福作文。
殊不知，任何一個(gè)考試都是要循序漸進(jìn)的，作文也是如此。當(dāng)我們剛開始準(zhǔn)備作文的時(shí)候，首先要追求的是成功率，也就是完成度，而不是時(shí)間。換句話說，在準(zhǔn)備托福以及sat作文的前期，首先要做的，是完成作文，也就是不管花多少時(shí)間，一定要讓自己的作文達(dá)到300字以上，而且如果自己準(zhǔn)備考試的時(shí)間比較充分的話，最好剛開始的3-5篇作文都是不給自己限定時(shí)間，首先追求的是能把作文寫完，然后當(dāng)我們感覺有話可說的時(shí)候，在提升自己的新托福寫作速度，換句話說也就是限定自己在30分鐘之內(nèi)完成自己的獨(dú)立作文。
誤區(qū)三：不注重語(yǔ)法的準(zhǔn)確。
現(xiàn)在的很多考友是生活在用英語(yǔ)的環(huán)境之中的，比如說現(xiàn)在有很多考友是在美國(guó)或者英國(guó)上高中的，當(dāng)然也有很多考友是在國(guó)內(nèi)純英語(yǔ)的國(guó)際學(xué)校求學(xué)，這些環(huán)境往往是全英文的環(huán)境，本來一個(gè)全英文的環(huán)境是十分有助于英語(yǔ)水平的提升的，但是實(shí)際上，純英語(yǔ)的環(huán)境對(duì)于英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法要求并不嚴(yán)格。
換句話說，有可能一句話雖然有語(yǔ)病，但是由于對(duì)方能聽懂，因此他也沒有糾正你，那么你也默認(rèn)這里是沒有問題的。因此我們會(huì)看到很多英語(yǔ)環(huán)境之內(nèi)的考生，往往在作文的部分折戟沉沙鐵未銷，就是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)關(guān)鍵性的語(yǔ)法的問題。因此，當(dāng)我們?cè)跍?zhǔn)備作文部分以及口語(yǔ)部分這些主觀題的時(shí)候，要注意在新托福寫作考試之前一定要好好打磨一下自己的語(yǔ)法，否則后患無窮!
托福寫作總分結(jié)構(gòu)分析
語(yǔ)法得分(Grammar)
ETS工作人員可以事前通過電腦程序輸入寫作中不同難度的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象及常犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤事例，因而對(duì)于考生的任何一篇文章電腦可以自動(dòng)識(shí)別該習(xí)作是否犯了類似的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤及其是否使用了較為高級(jí)的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。具體來講，語(yǔ)法能力考查涵蓋以下幾點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞使用是否錯(cuò)誤、代詞指代是否不明、物主代詞是否使用正確、主謂是否一致、是否存在不完整句、是否存在粘連句等。毋庸置疑，電腦對(duì)于如上語(yǔ)法的判斷要比人為操作更為嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、準(zhǔn)確。因?yàn)閷懽魇且蕾囨I盤操作，故需要對(duì)句子完整性和粘連現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行評(píng)定。但依據(jù)筆者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，很多考生在短短30分鐘是難以達(dá)到“語(yǔ)法完美”的程度的，但是他們的作文得分并不低。由此可見，雖然E- raters關(guān)注寫作的語(yǔ)法得分，但是其重要性位階是低于ETS 的評(píng)分原則的。
內(nèi)容表達(dá)載體得分(usage score)
該考查點(diǎn)主要關(guān)注學(xué)生能否用“較為正式的文體”來闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)以及單詞本身是否使用恰當(dāng)。該評(píng)價(jià)并不關(guān)注內(nèi)容是否全面、論證是否有效，而僅僅關(guān)注表達(dá)文章信息的載體語(yǔ)言是否滿足以下幾點(diǎn)：表達(dá)中冠詞是否出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤、是否使用不準(zhǔn)確的詞匯、單詞使用形式錯(cuò)誤(排除拼寫)、比較信息表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤、表達(dá)信息偏向口語(yǔ)或者不正式。這些信息點(diǎn)的測(cè)試也是通過ETS官方人員事先輸入相應(yīng)程序來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。通過電腦評(píng)價(jià)，這些缺憾更容易被識(shí)別，因?yàn)閭€(gè)人的主觀見解在評(píng)分中是容易出現(xiàn)偏差的。但是這里需要提醒一點(diǎn)：我們不能把這些考點(diǎn)的重要性過于夸大，過于苛求我們的學(xué)生在托福作文考試中做到正式文體加正式的表達(dá)。根據(jù)趙質(zhì)明校長(zhǎng)的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，雖然很多學(xué)生在托福作文中使用了諸如 “l(fā)et me take an example of myself”， “okay, that’s very amusing”之類非正式的語(yǔ)言，但是其習(xí)作依舊有可能獲得滿分的成績(jī)。
托福寫作范文：政客最重要的品質(zhì)是良好的溝通技巧
寫作題目
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important quality for a politician or leader to have is good communication skills. 政客最重要的性格特征就是擁有良好的溝通技巧，是否認(rèn)同?
寫作范文
Politicians and leaders have many responsibilities. As representatives of government or social organizations, they play the delicate role of communicating with the people they represent. They also are responsible for, through discussions, finding a consensus among other leaders in order to write laws and policies. Finally, leaders have the important job of serving as a spokesperson, promoting government or association programs and rallying people’s support behind important issues. Communication skills are essential for a leader to successfully complete these tasks.
The support of the people is essential in most governments in the world. To get the support of the people, a political leader must gain their trust and support on many issues. People expect their political representatives to help fix problems in the community and society, but sometimes politicians have to make unpopular decisions for the overall good. For example taxes. Taxes are never popular, but they are necessary to support governments and maintain order. A political leader that can persuade the people to support these unpopular but necessary issues will have a more successful government than a political leader who is constantly at odds with the people. A political leader that is not good at speaking could very easily offend the people. Good command of rhetoric and debating skills determines the success of any politician.
In addition, leaders have to effectively communicate with each other. Consensus is the very foundation of successful political governments and organizations in general. Leaders, politician in particular, often differ in opinion on the best way to address an issue, like the annual budget. Being able to express clearly their individual approaches to the budget plan is important to arriving at a consensus. If a leader has an amazing budget plan, but cannot explain it clearly, she will not be able to persuade others to support her plan. A politician or leader who has no communication skills will not successfully implement his or her policies.
Leaders, whether they are politicians or social reformers, have the responsibility of rallying and maintaining support for these policies and movements. Oratory skills are vital to achieving this goal. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was the face and voice of the Civil Rights Movement. Many of his ideas, like non-violent civil disobedience, helped define the Civil Rights Movement. But Dr. King would have been just another protester marching for civil rights if it were not for his amazing communication skills. Through his eloquent speeches, his message for equality caused millions to join the cause. Language, if used skillfully, is a powerful weapon for leaders.
A politician that cannot speak to his or her people will not succeed. Leaders are those who can make plans and carry them out. Speech making and general communication skills are vital to maintaining a leadership position.
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