劍橋雅思閱讀6原文(test2)及答案難度精講
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劍橋雅思閱讀6原文(test2)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has five marked paragraphs, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Avoiding an overcrowded centre
ii A successful exercise in people power
iii The benefits of working together in cities
iv Higher incomes need not mean more cars
v Economic arguments fail to persuade
vi The impact of telecommunications on population distribution
vii Increases in travelling time
viii Responding to arguments against public transport
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
Advantages of public transport
A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.
The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.
According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: ‘A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one’. Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people’s preferences as to where they live.
Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that ‘the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms’.
Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most ‘bicycle friendly’ cities considered — Amsterdam and Copenhagen — were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were ‘reasonable but not special’.
It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found ‘zero correlation’.
When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.
A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: ‘The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.’ He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.
B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.
C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars — creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.
D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.
E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team’s research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. ‘The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.’
Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6 The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.
7 Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.
8 An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers.
9 In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.
10 Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.
Questions 11-13
Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions below.
Match each city with the correct description, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
11 Perth
12 Auckland
13 Portland
List of Descriptions
A successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environment
B successful public transport system despite cold winters
C profitably moved from road to light rail transport system
D hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system
E heavily dependent on cars despite widespread poverty
F inefficient due to a limited public transport system
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK
Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.
In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems — the major medical complaints in this age group — are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age — dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema — are also troubling fewer and fewer people.
‘It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing,’ says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.
Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.
On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. ‘These may be subtle influences,’ says Manton, ‘but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It’s not surprising we see some effect."
One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.
The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today’s population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government’s Medicare system more than 0 billion, suggesting that the greying of America’s population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.
The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation’s research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.
Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.
As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.
But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.
‘Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,’ says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. ‘The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,’ she says.
Questions 14-22
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below.
Write the correct letter, A-Q in boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet.
Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 ..............and that the speed of this change is 15.............. . It also seems that these diseases are affecting people 16.............. in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in 17.............., but other factors such as improved 18.............. may also be playing a part. Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to 19.............. . The research establishes a link between levels of 20.............. and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are 21.............., which means that the 22.............. involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.
A cost B falling C technology
D undernourished E earlier F later
G disabled H more I increasing
J nutrition K education L constant
M medicine N pollution O environmental
P health Q independent
Questions 23-26
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
23 Home medical aids
24 Regular amounts of exercise
25 Feelings of control over life
26 Feelings of loneliness
A may cause heart disease.
B can be helped by hormone treatment.
C may cause rises in levels of stress hormones.
D have cost the United States government more than 0 billion.
E may help prevent mental decline.
F may get stronger at night.
G allow old people to be more independent.
H can reduce stress in difficult situations.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Numeration
One of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.
It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.
Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.
The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!
Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.
Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.
Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.
Questions 27-31
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27 A developed system of numbering
28 An additional hand signal
29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number
30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects
31 Expressing number differently according to class of item
A was necessary in order to fulfil a civic role.
B was necessary when people began farming.
C was necessary for the development of arithmetic.
D persists in all societies.
E was used when the range of number words was restricted.
F can be traced back to early European languages.
G was a characteristic of early numeration systems.
Questions 32-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 32-40 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
32 For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.
33 Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.
34 Some peoples with simple number systems used body language to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.
35 All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.
36 The word ‘thousand’ has Anglo-Saxon origins.
37 In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.
38 In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and canoes is expressed with the same word.
39 The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems of counting.
40 Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers rather than a group of pebbles.
劍橋雅思閱讀6原文參考譯文(test2)
PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：
Advantages of public transport
公共交通的優(yōu)勢(shì)
A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.
默多克大學(xué)的科技政策研究所(ISTP)為世界銀行做的最新研究表明，公共交通工具的效率髙于小汽車(chē)。該研究比較了全世界37座城市公共交通投人資金所占的比例。這其中包括修建、維護(hù)和使用公交系統(tǒng)時(shí)的政府投人和個(gè)人開(kāi)銷(xiāo)。
The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.
研究顯示，西澳大利亞的首府珀斯是最低限度發(fā)展公交系統(tǒng)的典型例子。結(jié)果是，該市的交通成本竟占政府收人的17%。然而，某些歐洲和亞洲城市的交通成本則僅有5%。研究所主任彼得?紐曼教授指出，后面這些效率更高的城市能夠?qū)⒏噘Y金投人到發(fā)展工業(yè)、擴(kuò)大就業(yè)和創(chuàng)造更好的生活環(huán)境中去。
According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: ‘A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one’. Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people’s preferences as to where they live.
紐曼認(rèn)為，如此進(jìn)行比較的話，規(guī)模相對(duì)較大的澳大利亞城市墨爾本則顯得格外與眾不同。他將其形容為雙層城市：“一座歐洲城市外面裹著另一座汽車(chē)代步城?！蹦珷柋疽?guī)模龐大的有軌電車(chē)網(wǎng)絡(luò)大大降低了市內(nèi)的汽車(chē)使用率，但遠(yuǎn)郊地區(qū)則同大多數(shù)其他澳大利亞城市一樣依賴汽車(chē)交通。而該市近郊住房需求的激增正顯示出近年來(lái)人們?cè)谶x擇居住地點(diǎn)時(shí)觀念的變化。
Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that ‘the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms’.
據(jù)紐曼教授稱，這是一種更廣泛考慮公共交通問(wèn)題的新方式。過(guò)去在解決公共交通問(wèn)題時(shí)，我們通常關(guān)心的是環(huán)境和社會(huì)的合理性，而不是經(jīng)濟(jì)情況。除此之外，紐曼教授認(rèn)為該研究顯示了“依賴汽車(chē)作為交通工具的城市發(fā)展模式不僅效率低下，而且在經(jīng)濟(jì)與環(huán)境發(fā)展方而也相當(dāng)不足”。
Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most ‘bicycle friendly’ cities considered — Amsterdam and Copenhagen — were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were ‘reasonable but not special’.
自行車(chē)沒(méi)有包含在此項(xiàng)研究范圍之內(nèi)。然而，紐曼教授指出在考察研究的37座城市中，阿姆斯特丹和哥本哈根這兩座自行車(chē)普及率最高的城市效率也非常高，即便他們的公共交通系統(tǒng)“特色全無(wú)，相當(dāng)一般”。
It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found ‘zero correlation’.
公路網(wǎng)的擁護(hù)者們普遍反對(duì)以發(fā)達(dá)的公共交通系統(tǒng)為標(biāo)志的城市發(fā)展模式。他們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為該系統(tǒng)在個(gè)別城市并不適用。氣候是反對(duì)的理由之一。有些人說(shuō)他們的城市要么夏天太熱，要么冬天太冷，以至于無(wú)法充分利用公交系統(tǒng)。紐曼教授則否定了這一觀點(diǎn)，他指出公交系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展在多倫多和新加坡地區(qū)均獲得了巨大成功。事實(shí)上，他調(diào)查過(guò)是否天氣糟糕人們就會(huì)使用汽車(chē)，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者之間毫無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)。
When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.
當(dāng)我們考慮到其他硬件條件時(shí)，公路網(wǎng)的支持者們就有了更充分的理由。例如，紐曼認(rèn)同，對(duì)于山地城市奧克蘭來(lái)說(shuō)，開(kāi)發(fā)真正成功的軌道交通網(wǎng)是一件困難的事情。然而，他指出，雖然全世界的山地城市為數(shù)不多，但香港和蘇黎世都分別設(shè)法成功地建成了重型和輕型軌道交通系統(tǒng)。
A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: ‘The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.’ He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.
A 紐曼教授認(rèn)為，事實(shí)上，決定采用哪一種交通運(yùn)輸方式的主要因素是政治，“決策過(guò)程越民主，公共交通就越容易得到支持”。他將美國(guó)俄勒岡州的波特蘭市看作是其中的范例。幾年前，國(guó)家撥款修建一條新公路。但是，當(dāng)?shù)氐膲毫F(tuán)體強(qiáng)行組織了一次公民投票，來(lái)表決是否要將國(guó)家撥款花費(fèi)在建設(shè)替代公路的輕軌上。修建輕軌的提議最終獲得通過(guò)，而且軌道系統(tǒng)在當(dāng)?shù)氐倪\(yùn)行狀況非常良好。在隨后的幾年中，波特蘭市修建了更多的軌道交通系統(tǒng)，城市面貌也因此得到巨大改善。紐曼教授發(fā)現(xiàn)，波特蘭市與珀斯市的人口數(shù)量大致相同，并且當(dāng)時(shí)的人口密度也十分相近。
B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.
B 在英國(guó)，人們不會(huì)去做通勤時(shí)間需要半小時(shí)以上的工作，因而六百年來(lái)，花在上班路途上的時(shí)間都得以保持不變。剛開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，火車(chē)和汽車(chē)使人們住得遠(yuǎn)，卻又無(wú)需增加花在路途上的時(shí)間。然而，公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施無(wú)法跟上城市擴(kuò)張的步伐，這就導(dǎo)致了大規(guī)模的交通擁堵問(wèn)題，并且使上下班的時(shí)間大大延長(zhǎng)。
C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars — creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.
C 有一種廣泛的說(shuō)法是：財(cái)富的不斷增長(zhǎng)促使人們到更遠(yuǎn)的地方居住，而汽車(chē)是那里唯一可行的交通工具。然而許多歐洲城市的例子可以反駁這一觀點(diǎn)。相對(duì)于美國(guó)城市，歐洲城市通常更加富有，而汽車(chē)使用率卻比美國(guó)低。近年來(lái)，隨著城市規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)張和財(cái)富的逐年增加，斯德哥爾摩的汽車(chē)使用率反而還有所 下降。一項(xiàng)新的研究更清楚地說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。亞洲的發(fā)展中城市，例如雅加達(dá)和曼谷，其汽車(chē)使用率要高于像東京和新加坡這樣的富裕地區(qū)。在發(fā)展比較滯后的城市中，世界銀行和亞洲發(fā)展銀行不鼓勵(lì)修建公共交通系統(tǒng)，因此人們不得不依賴汽車(chē)作為交通工具這導(dǎo)致了這些城市中標(biāo)志性的大塞車(chē)。
D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.
D 紐曼教授認(rèn)為，以墨爾本為例的“城中村”報(bào)告是最優(yōu)秀的研究報(bào)告之一，報(bào)告主要講述如何將以汽車(chē)代步的城市轉(zhuǎn)變成以軌道交通為主的城市。該報(bào)告顯示，讓大家都住在市中心并不是最好的方法。反之，報(bào)告主張建立幾百個(gè)集中在車(chē)站附近的城中村。
E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team’s research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. ‘The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.’
E 曾經(jīng)有人假設(shè)，由于人們不再被迫住在城市，電信的改進(jìn)將促使人口進(jìn)一步分散。然而，ISTP研究小組的調(diào)查顯示繼幾十年的下降之后，在20世紀(jì)80年代，城市人口和職位的密度都保持不變或有所上升。似乎合理的解釋為，將工作在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的人聚集在一起可以創(chuàng)造更大的價(jià)值?！拔磥?lái)新世界將主要依靠人類(lèi)的創(chuàng)造力，而創(chuàng)造力在人們面對(duì)面的交流中會(huì)更加活躍。”
TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：
GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK
老齡人口健康依舊
Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.
美國(guó)科學(xué)家指岀，現(xiàn)在老年人身體越來(lái)越健康，幸福感更強(qiáng)，生活更加獨(dú)立。本月即將發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)持續(xù)長(zhǎng)達(dá)14年的研究的結(jié)果顯示，遭受老齡疾病折磨的人越來(lái)越少，即使是真的發(fā)病，年齡也向后推遲了不少。
In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems — the major medical complaints in this age group — are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age — dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema — are also troubling fewer and fewer people.
在過(guò)去的14年中，美國(guó)國(guó)家長(zhǎng)期衛(wèi)生保健調(diào)查收集了2萬(wàn)多名65歲以上的老年男性和女性健康狀況和生活方式的數(shù)據(jù)資料。研究者們正在分析1994年收集的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果，他們表示。困擾這一年齡段老年人的主要疾病是關(guān)節(jié)炎、高血壓和循環(huán)系統(tǒng)疾病，這些疾病的患病人數(shù)比例正在逐年下降。數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)，上述疾病發(fā)病率下降的速度在繼續(xù)加快。其他老齡疾病，諸如老年癡呆癥、中風(fēng)、動(dòng)脈硬化和肺氣腫等，患病人數(shù)也在逐年下降。
‘It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing,’ says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.
北卡羅來(lái)納州杜克大學(xué)的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家肯尼思?曼頓說(shuō)：“這的確促使我們思考到底什么情況才是正常老齡化的問(wèn)題?！彼赋觯?982年醫(yī)生們認(rèn)為是65歲老人常見(jiàn)疾病的癥狀現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常要推遲到70或75歲才會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.
顯然，一些疾病在醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步的面前被擊退。除此之外，也可能有其他原因。例如，在20世紀(jì)的前25年中，兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況的改善使現(xiàn)在的老年人比以前的人們擁有更加健康的生活開(kāi)端。
On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. ‘These may be subtle influences,’ says Manton, ‘but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It’s not surprising we see some effect."
從不利方面來(lái)看，研究數(shù)據(jù)同樣顯示出公共衛(wèi)生的不力措施導(dǎo)致了某些疾病的猛增。研究者們指出， 有些癌癥和支氣管疾病發(fā)病率的上升可能反映出人們吸煙習(xí)慣的變化和空氣質(zhì)量逐年惡化的問(wèn)題。曼頓說(shuō)：“這或許只是些細(xì)微的影響，但我們的研究對(duì)象已經(jīng)在污染日益嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境中生活了60多年。因而，這些后果的出現(xiàn)也就不足為奇了?！?/p>
One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.
曼頓揭示了一種有趣的關(guān)聯(lián)，即人們受教育的程度越髙，壽命可能就越長(zhǎng)。例如，在65歲的女性中，受教育時(shí)間低于8年的女性的預(yù)期壽命平均可達(dá)82歲，而那些繼續(xù)接受教育的女性的平均壽命則延長(zhǎng)了7年之多。曼頓認(rèn)為，盡管部分原因可以歸結(jié)為更高的收人水平，但主要原因還是受過(guò)良好教育的人會(huì)更加注重醫(yī)療保健。
The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today’s population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government’s Medicare system more than 0 billion, suggesting that the greying of America’s population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.
該調(diào)查同時(shí)評(píng)估了年齡在65歲以上的走人的獨(dú)立程度，這再次發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)驚人的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。在1994年調(diào)查中，近80%的人都能完成日常起居活動(dòng)，包括簡(jiǎn)單的活動(dòng)，如獨(dú)立的飲食和穿衣，也包括復(fù)雜的活動(dòng)，如烹飪和財(cái)務(wù)管理等。這表明總?cè)丝谥胁荒茏岳淼睦先说臄?shù)量在顯著下降。研究者們估算，如果美國(guó)14 年前的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)持續(xù)下去的話，現(xiàn)今總?cè)丝谥袑?huì)多出100萬(wàn)名不能自理的老人。曼頓表示，減緩這一趨勢(shì)為美國(guó)政府的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)系統(tǒng)節(jié)省了2，000多億美元的開(kāi)支，這意味著美國(guó)人口老齡化所帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)可能不像人們想象中的那樣沉重。
The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation’s research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.
老年人自理能力的增強(qiáng)可能與簡(jiǎn)易家庭醫(yī)療輔助用品的廣泛使用有關(guān)。例如，自該研究開(kāi)始至今，使用增高座便器的人數(shù)增加了一倍之多，而使用浴缸座椅的人數(shù)也增加了50%以上。麥克阿瑟基金會(huì)研究小組發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)成功老齡化研究報(bào)告表明，上述發(fā)展變化同樣給健康帶來(lái)了好處。該研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些能夠保持獨(dú)立感的老年人更有可能在晚年保持身體健康。
Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.
加利福尼亞大學(xué)歐文分校的神經(jīng)學(xué)家卡爾?科特曼指出，維持一定數(shù)量的日常體育運(yùn)動(dòng)將有助于提高大腦功能的運(yùn)作。他發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于在腳踏車(chē)上運(yùn)動(dòng)的老鼠，流經(jīng)大腦的腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子含量水平會(huì)升高。 科特曼認(rèn)為，這種維持神經(jīng)細(xì)胞功能的激素可以阻止活躍的人類(lèi)大腦功能退化。
As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.
在同一調(diào)查研究中，洛杉肌南加利福尼亞大學(xué)的社會(huì)流行病學(xué)家特里薩?西曼發(fā)現(xiàn)在70歲以上的老年人中，自尊心和壓力之間存在相互聯(lián)系。在諸如駕駛汽車(chē)等挑戰(zhàn)性活動(dòng)的模擬試驗(yàn)中，感覺(jué)生活在自己掌控之中的人所釋放的應(yīng)激激素水平較低，比如腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素。而心臟疾病則被證明與應(yīng)激激素水平長(zhǎng)期偏髙有關(guān)。
But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.
然而，獨(dú)立自主也有其缺點(diǎn)。西曼發(fā)現(xiàn)，感到精神孤獨(dú)的老年人即使是在睡夢(mèng)中也保持著較高的應(yīng)激激素水平。研究結(jié)果顯示，如果老人們知道自己在需要時(shí)能夠得到幫助，就可以在保持獨(dú)立感的同時(shí)擁有最幸福的生活。
‘Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,’ says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. ‘The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,’ she says.
西曼指出：“同許多研究老齡化問(wèn)題的調(diào)査一樣，其結(jié)果完全符合常識(shí)?！贝送猓芯拷Y(jié)果顯示，我們可能低估了某些簡(jiǎn)單因素的影響。她這樣說(shuō)道：“祖母經(jīng)常向你講的道理被證明是完全正確的。”
TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：
Numeration
計(jì)數(shù)發(fā)展史
One of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.
學(xué)說(shuō)話是兒童最初掌握的主要智力技能之一，而緊隨其后他們就要學(xué)會(huì)數(shù)數(shù)。從小我們就對(duì)數(shù)數(shù)這件事十分熟悉，所以真得費(fèi)番心思才能想象出不會(huì)數(shù)數(shù)的先祖?zhèn)兊木秤?。深思熟慮之后，我們確信計(jì)數(shù)不是人們生來(lái)就擁有的技能，而是人類(lèi)偉大而非凡的成就之一。
It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.
現(xiàn)在，我們無(wú)法了解人類(lèi)創(chuàng)造數(shù)字這一概念的發(fā)展歷程。即使沒(méi)有先進(jìn)的技術(shù)，連最原始的部落也擁有足夠他們?nèi)粘Ｉ钏璧挠?jì)數(shù)方法。我們的祖先并不需要使用具體的數(shù)字;比如當(dāng)他們采集食物時(shí)，他們會(huì)更多地考慮“夠了嗎?”而不是“有多少?”來(lái)代替具體數(shù)字的使用。然而，當(dāng)早期人類(lèi)開(kāi)始思考周?chē)挛锏谋举|(zhì)時(shí)，他們發(fā)覺(jué)自己需要數(shù)字的概念以保持思路的淸晰。隨著他們開(kāi)始定居生活、種植作物和放牧牲畜，需要一套復(fù)雜數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的要求變得極為重要。我們永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法了解這種計(jì)數(shù)能力是如何以及何時(shí)發(fā)展起來(lái)的，但可以確定的是，當(dāng)人類(lèi)剛剛開(kāi)始建立暫時(shí)的定居點(diǎn)時(shí)，計(jì)數(shù)方法已經(jīng)發(fā)展得比較完備了。
Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.
關(guān)于早期算術(shù)和計(jì)數(shù)方法的證據(jù)并不難尋找。澳大利亞塔斯馬尼亞州的土著民族民僅能計(jì)數(shù)“一”、“二”和“許多”;南非當(dāng)?shù)氐耐林褡迥軌蛴?jì)數(shù)“一”、“二”、“二加一”、“二加二”、“二加二加一”等等。然而，在實(shí)際情況中，數(shù)字和詞語(yǔ)經(jīng)常伴隨著手勢(shì)使用以幫助解決混亂的狀態(tài)。例如，在使用“一、二和許多”計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)時(shí)，“許多”一詞可能表示“看我的手并數(shù)出我向你伸出了幾根手指”。這種基本的方法限制了可表示的數(shù)字范圍，但此范圍對(duì)于處理人類(lèi)生存方面的簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題來(lái)說(shuō)通常是足夠的。
The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!
一些文化缺少處理較大數(shù)字的能力，這并不令人驚訝。當(dāng)追溯到早期彤式時(shí)，歐洲的各語(yǔ)種在數(shù)字及其表達(dá)方式上均十分貧乏。古哥特語(yǔ)中代表十的詞語(yǔ)“tachund”在表示數(shù)字100時(shí)寫(xiě)作“tachund tachund”。到 公元7世紀(jì)，“teon”一詞變得可以與盎格魯一撒克遜語(yǔ)中的詞語(yǔ)“tachund”或“hund”相互交換，因此100被表示為“hund teoning”或者“十乘十”。在7世紀(jì)的歐洲，普通人對(duì)數(shù)字的熟知程度遠(yuǎn)不及今天的人們。事實(shí)上， 當(dāng)時(shí)人們必須具備數(shù)到9的能力才有資格作為證人出庭作證。
Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.
或許，要發(fā)展對(duì)數(shù)字的領(lǐng)悟能力，最重要的一步不是擁有計(jì)數(shù)的能力，而是能夠理解數(shù)字是相當(dāng)抽象的概念，而并不只是與個(gè)別物品相聯(lián)系的附屬品。早期人類(lèi)一定能夠明白兩只鳥(niǎo)與四只鳥(niǎo)的不同;然而. 他們卻不具備將與四只鳥(niǎo)相關(guān)的數(shù)字4和與四塊石頭相關(guān)如數(shù)字4聯(lián)系起來(lái)的基本能力。將數(shù)字與特定事物的性質(zhì)之一相聯(lián)系，對(duì)于發(fā)展真正的數(shù)宇感而言是巨大的障礙。當(dāng)數(shù)字4在頭腦中變成一個(gè)特定的詞語(yǔ)并與其所指的事物相分離時(shí)，人類(lèi)便向數(shù)字符號(hào)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展邁出第一步，并繼而發(fā)展算術(shù)學(xué)。
Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.
至今，在有些現(xiàn)存的語(yǔ)言中依然可以尋找到早期計(jì)數(shù)方法的發(fā)展痕跡。在加拿大英屬哥倫比亞省，根據(jù)計(jì)數(shù)的物品種類(lèi)，欽西安語(yǔ)的計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)包含截然不同的七組表達(dá)數(shù)字的詞語(yǔ)：計(jì)數(shù)扁平物體和動(dòng)物的詞語(yǔ)，計(jì)數(shù)圓形物體和時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)，計(jì)算人數(shù)的詞語(yǔ)，計(jì)數(shù)長(zhǎng)條物體和樹(shù)木的詞語(yǔ)，計(jì)算獨(dú)木舟數(shù)目的詞語(yǔ)，計(jì)量尺寸的詞語(yǔ)，以及在不計(jì)數(shù)具體事物時(shí)所用的詞語(yǔ)?？雌饋?lái)最后一組詞語(yǔ)是后來(lái)發(fā)展起來(lái)的，而前六 組則帶有古代計(jì)數(shù)方法的痕跡。在一些諸如日語(yǔ)等廣泛使甩的語(yǔ)言中，同樣可以發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)字名稱的多樣性。
Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.
數(shù)字感與計(jì)數(shù)能力的發(fā)展相互融合。計(jì)算與數(shù)字概念的形成并非直接相關(guān)，因?yàn)槲覀兺耆锌赡軐⒈挥?jì)數(shù)的物品用一堆石子、一把谷?；蛘哂?jì)數(shù)者的手指代替來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。這些輔助工具對(duì)于早期人類(lèi)而言是必不可少的，一旦離開(kāi)某些形式的工具輔助，計(jì)數(shù)過(guò)程便無(wú)法完成。由于使用方便，類(lèi)似的輔助工具在當(dāng)今社會(huì)中仍然以不同的方式被人們——甚至是最有學(xué)識(shí)的學(xué)者們——使用。所有的計(jì)算最終都將由某事物、而不是被計(jì)數(shù)的物品指代。最初，這種指代或許是谷?；蚴樱F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成一串被記憶的單詞，而這些單詞只是恰巧成為數(shù)字的名稱而已。
劍橋雅思閱讀6原文解析(test2)
Question 1
答案： ii
關(guān)鍵詞：people power exercise
定位原文: A段第1句“In fact…”
解題思路：“The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.”就是暗示人民成功地履行了權(quán)利。
Question 2
答案： vii
關(guān)鍵詞： increase travelling time
定位原文: B段最后1句“However…”
解題思路: 最后一句中的However是完成此題的關(guān)鍵。本段首句提到通勤時(shí)間在過(guò)去至少六百年中都維持不變，很有誤導(dǎo)作用，但是接下來(lái)的However又引出...causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher, commuting 對(duì)應(yīng)heading中的travelling。
故正確答案是vii。
Question 3
答案： iv
關(guān)鍵詞：higher incomes not more cars
定位原文: C段前兩句“There is…”
解題思路: 第2句的refutes that 表示否定了第1句的觀點(diǎn)，因此只有iv符合。
Question 4
答案： i
關(guān)鍵詞: avoid overcrowded centre
定位原文: D段最后1句“Instead…”
解題思路: instead是一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞，后面的觀點(diǎn)與前者剛好相反。上一句說(shuō) pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach，剛好證明我們應(yīng)該避免造成一個(gè)過(guò)度擁擠的市中心。
Question 5
答案： iii
關(guān)鍵詞：working together
定位原文: E段第3句“The explanation…”
解題思路: 定位句強(qiáng)調(diào)了人們?cè)谙嚓P(guān)的領(lǐng)域一起工作非常重要，iii對(duì)應(yīng)這個(gè)自然段內(nèi)容。
Question 6
答案： FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞：ISTP study
定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“The study compared…”
解題思路: 原文說(shuō)的是thirty-seven cities around the worlds，與題干表述相互抵觸。
Question 7
答案： TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞： efficient / improve the quality
定位原文: 第2段最后1句“...these more efficient cities…”
解題思路: “創(chuàng)造出更好的居住環(huán)境”就是“改善了居民的居住環(huán)境”。
Question 8
答案：NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞：inner-city/ tram network/ dangerous/ car drivers
定位原文: 第3段第3句“Melbourne’s large…”
解題思路: 談到有軌電車(chē)系統(tǒng)使汽車(chē)的使用率降低了許多，但并未談及私家車(chē)駕駛者。
Question 9
答案：FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞： Melbourne/ outer suburbs
定位原文: 第3段最后1句“The explosion…”
解題思路: as to =concerning 就……方面;關(guān)于。這句話正說(shuō)明人們喜歡住在近郊而非遠(yuǎn)郊。
Question 10
答案： TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞： bicycle/ public transport
定位原文: 第5段的唯一一句話“Bicycle use…”
解題思路: averagely good與 reasonable but not special是同義表達(dá)。
Question 11
答案: F
關(guān)鍵詞：Perth
定位原文: 第2段第1句和第4句
解題思路: 第二段第一句說(shuō)Perth有minimal public transport，即相當(dāng)于題干中的limited public transport system，下面又說(shuō)Perth之外的一些城市是more efficient cities，所以正確答案為F。
Question 12
答案： D
關(guān)鍵詞：Auckland
定位原文: 第7段第2句
解題思路: 提到 it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network，所以 Auckland 當(dāng)然是hilly，既然“難以建立很好的軌道系統(tǒng)”，當(dāng)然是不適合建這樣的系統(tǒng)了。正確答案是D。
Question 13
答案：C
關(guān)鍵詞：Portland
定位原文: A段的倒數(shù)第3句“The rail proposal…”
解題思路: 軌道運(yùn)行良好肯定是盈利的。正確答案是C。
Test 2 Passage 2
Question 14
答案：B
關(guān)鍵詞：proportion/people over 65/age-related medical problems
定位原文: 第2段第2句“...are troubling a smaller proportion…”
解題思路: smaller 和falling 是隱晦的同義表達(dá)，B選項(xiàng)符合題意。
Question 15
答案：I
關(guān)鍵詞：speed
定位原文: 第2段倒數(shù)第2句“the rate at which these diseases…”
解題思路: rate與speed是同義表達(dá)，可知正確答案是I。
Question 16
答案：F
關(guān)鍵詞：past
定位原文: 第3段第2句“He says…”
解題思路: 第3段中提到the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-oId in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75，第二段提到數(shù)據(jù)是1994年采集的，所以1982代表了the past，疾病由65歲推遲到70或者75 歲才發(fā)作，顯然是later。
Question 17
答案：M
關(guān)鍵詞：due to developments
定位原文: 第4段第1句“…certain diseases are beating…”
解題思路: 第四段開(kāi)頭提到certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances，表明有些疾病是被醫(yī)藥進(jìn)步打敗的。advances和developments屬于同義表達(dá)，medical和medicine是同源詞。
Question 18
答案：J
關(guān)鍵詞：improved
定位原文: 第4段第2、3句“…there may be other contributing factors. Improvements…”
解題思路: 這個(gè)題找到定位句，沒(méi)有什么難度，選擇J。
Question 19
答案：N
關(guān)鍵詞：other illnesses
定位原文: 第5段第2、3句“… poorer air quality/ worse and worse pollution…”
解題思路: 第五段提到An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality...和....been exposed to worse and worse pollution, changes in personal habits與 changing smoking habits相對(duì)應(yīng)。所以原文提供的另一因素poorer air quality就是與答案相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。正確答案是N。
Question 20
答案： K
關(guān)鍵詞：link/life expectancy
定位原文: 第6段第1句“One interesting…”
解題思路: 第6段第1句中的correlation和live longer分別對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的link和life expectancy，所以原文的better-educated就是答案的原形，被選項(xiàng)中只有K項(xiàng)的education與此相符。正確答案是K。
Question 21
答案： G
關(guān)鍵詞：considerable /reduction
定位原文: 第7段第3句“That represents…”
解題思路: considerable與significant、reduction與 drop分別為近義詞，再根據(jù)第七段中a significant drop in the number of disabled old people，答案應(yīng)為disabled。正確答案是G。
Question 22
答案：A
關(guān)鍵詞：less/predicted
定位原文: 第7段最后一句“… less of a financial burden…”
解題思路: predicted與expected為同義表達(dá)，只需找 financial burden的同義表達(dá)就可以。正確答案是A。
Question 23
答案：G
關(guān)鍵詞：home medical aids
定位原文: 第8段第1句“The increasing…”
解題思路: 許多老年人自理能力的增強(qiáng)可能與簡(jiǎn)易家庭醫(yī)療輔助用品的廣泛使用有關(guān)。題干是將這句話反過(guò)來(lái)問(wèn)簡(jiǎn)易家庭醫(yī)療輔助用品有什么作用，self-reliance與independent表達(dá)同樣含義，所以選G。
Question 24
答案： E
關(guān)鍵詞：regular amounts of exercise
定位原文: 第9段第1句“…daily physical activity…”
解題思路: exercise 與physical activity 屬于同義表達(dá)，regular與daily 屬于同義表達(dá)，所以選E。
Question 25
答案：H
關(guān)鍵詞：feelings of control over life
定位原文: 第10段倒數(shù)第2句“…felt in control of their lives…”
解題思路: 根據(jù)第10段中 challenging activities和 those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormone, challenging activities 與 difficult situations 屬于同義表達(dá)，lower levels of stress hormones自然壓力就小。正確答案是H。
Question 26
答案：C
關(guān)鍵詞： feelings of loneliness
定位原文: 第11段第2句“…emotionally isolated…”
解題思路: feelings of loneliness 與emotionally isolated 屬于同義表達(dá)，所以選C。
Test 2 Passage 3
Question 27
答案: B
關(guān)鍵詞：developed/system of numbering
定位原文: 第2段倒數(shù)第2句“As they began to settle…”
解題思路: sophisticated和number system分別與題干 developed和system of numbering屬于同義表達(dá)，因此只要找出與grow plants and herd animals的同義表達(dá)項(xiàng)就可以，顯然farming可以代替。因此正確答案為B。
Question 28
答案： E
關(guān)鍵詞：hand signal
定位原文: 第3段第3句“But in real situations…”
解題思路: 定位句之前所舉的具體例子中表示數(shù)字的詞有限，即題干E表達(dá)的the range of number words was restricted，gestures又與hand signal互為近義詞。所以正確答案是E。
Question 29
答案： A
關(guān)鍵詞： seventh-century Europe / count to a certain number
定位原文: 第4段中最后兩句“The average person…”
解題思路: count to nine與count to a certain number屬于同義表達(dá)，a witness in a court of law與題干A的fulfill a civic role屬于同義表達(dá)。正確答案是A。
Question 30
答案： C
關(guān)鍵詞： concept/ physical objects
定位原文: 第5段第1句“Perhaps…”;最后一句“...from there, to arithmetic”
解題思路: 題干中 concepts 和 physical objects 分別與 abstract idea 和 particular objects互為近義詞。正確答案是C。
Question 31
答案： G
關(guān)鍵詞： class of item
定位原文: 第6段第1、2句“Traces of…”
解題思路: 根據(jù)第6段開(kāi)頭the very first stages和第二句中the class of the item得出正確答案是G。
Question 32
答案：TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞：the earliest tribes
定位原文: 第2段第3句“...their considerations would have…”
解題思路: 他們會(huì)更多地考慮“夠了嗎?”而不是“有多少?Sufficiency與 quantity 分別和Is this enough 與How many為同義轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系。
Question 33
答案：FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞：Tasmanians
定位原文: 第3段第2句“The indigenous peoples…”
解題思路: 只有三個(gè)詞而不是四個(gè)。
Question 34
答案： TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞：peoples with simple number systems
定位原文: 第3段第3句“But in real situations…”
解題思路: accompanied by gesture to help resolve any confusion 與題干use body language to prevent…屬于同義表達(dá)。
Question 35
答案： FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞：large numbers
定位原文: 第4段第1句“The lack of…”
解題思路: 一些文化缺少處理較大數(shù)字的能力，這并不令人驚訝。 這個(gè)意思與題干全然想矛盾。
Question 36
答案：NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞：Anglo-Saxon
定位原文: 第4段第4句“ By the seventh…”
解題思路: 到公元7世紀(jì)，“teon” 一詞變得可以與盎格魯一撒克遜語(yǔ)中的詞語(yǔ)文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)“tachund”或“hund”相互交換，因此100可表示為“hund teontig”或者“十乘十”。并沒(méi)有提到“千”。
Question 37
答案：TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞：seventh-century Europe
定位原文: 第4段最后兩句“The average person…”
解題思路: 數(shù)到9就可以作證人，足見(jiàn)計(jì)數(shù)能力之差。
Question 38
答案：FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞：Tsimshian language
定位原文: 第6段第2句“The numeration…”
解題思路: 題干意思與原文相駁斥。這個(gè)題比較容易判斷。
Question 39
答案：TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞: Tsimshian language
定位原文: 第6段倒數(shù)第2句“It seems that…”
解題思路: 看起來(lái)最后一組詞語(yǔ)是后來(lái)發(fā)展的，而前六組則帶有古代計(jì)數(shù)方法的痕跡。所以題目說(shuō)的有新舊兩套計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)是正確的。
Question 40
答案： NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞：early peoples / fingers / pebbles
定位原文: 第7段第2句“Counting is not directly…”
解題思路: 計(jì)算與數(shù)字概念的形成并非直接相關(guān)，因?yàn)槲覀兺耆锌赡軐⒈挥?jì)數(shù)的物品用一堆石子、一把谷?；蛘哂?jì)數(shù)者的手指代替來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。沒(méi)有提到二者簡(jiǎn)易度的比較。
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