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　　劍橋雅思閱讀8原文(test1)

　　READING PASSAGE 1

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

　　A Chronicle of Timekeeping

　　Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it

　　A According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.

　　B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.

　　C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.

　　D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.

　　E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.

　　F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.

　　G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.

　　H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.

　　Questions 1-4

　　Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.

　　Which paragraph contains the following information?

　　Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

　　1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures

　　2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar

　　in farming communities

　　3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock

　　4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using

　　uniform hours

　　Questions 5-8

　　Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below.

　　Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F.

　　Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

　　5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.

　　6 They divided the day into two equal halves.

　　7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.

　　8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.

　　List of Nationalities

　　A Babylonians

　　B Egyptians

　　C Greeks

　　D English

　　E Germans

　　F French

　　Questions 9-13

　　Label the diagram below.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

　　圖片10

　　READING PASSAGE 2

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading

　　Passage 2 on the following pages.

　　Questions 14-19

　　Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

　　Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.

　　Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

　　List of Headings

　　i Disobeying FAA regulations

　　ii Aviation disaster prompts action

　　iii Two coincidental developments

　　iv Setting altitude zones

　　v An oversimplified view

　　vi Controlling pilots’ licences

　　vii Defining airspace categories

　　viii Setting rules to weather conditions

　　ix Taking off safely

　　x First steps towards ATC

　　14 Paragraph A

　　Example Answer

　　Paragraph B x

　　15 Paragraph C

　　16 Paragraph D

　　17 Paragraph E

　　18 Paragraph F

　　19 Paragraph G

　　AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

　　IN THE USA

　　A An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.

　　B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today's ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.

　　C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.

　　D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.

　　E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.

　　F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.

　　G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.

　　Questions 20-26

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

　　In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.

　　21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.

　　22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today.

　　23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.

　　24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.

　　25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.

　　26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

　　TELEPATHY

　　Can human beings communicate by thought alone? For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academics

　　Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies. The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.

　　Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called 'ganzfeld' experiments, a German term that means 'whole field'. Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity. In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation — like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth.

　　The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink light. In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank. The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the 'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room. Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been used. Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher. In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent — a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.

　　The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a crucial flaw in this argument — one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science. Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory leakage' — where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver — to outright fraud. In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence. However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.

　　After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests — an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images. By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results. In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies. Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still impressive.

　　Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies. Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small effects. If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough. Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent. And that is what researchers do seem to be finding.

　　What they are certainly not finding, however, is any change in attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy. The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.

　　Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics. They include 'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may be. While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds. Answering such questions would transform parapsychology. This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms. Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials. Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent. Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.

　　Questions 27-30

　　Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.

　　Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

　　27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on

　　28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated

　　29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with

　　30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve with

　　A the discovery of a mechanism for telepathy

　　B the need to create a suitable environment for telepathy.

　　C their claims of a high success rate.

　　D a solution to the problem posed by random guessing.

　　E the significance of the ganzfeld experiments.

　　F a more careful selection of subjects.

　　G a need to keep altering conditions.

　　Questions 31-40

　　Complete the table below.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet.

　　Telepathy Experiments

　　Name/Date

　　Description Result Flaw

　　Ganzfeld

　　Studies

　　1982 Involved a person

　　acting as a

　　31..............

　　who picked out one

　　32............from

　　a random selection

　　of four, and a

　　33..............,

　　who then tried to

　　identify it. Hit-rates were

　　higher than with

　　random guessing. Positive results

　　could be produced

　　by factors such as

　　34..............or

　　35.............. .

　　Autoganzfeld

　　studies

　　1987 36.............

　　were used for key

　　tasks to limit the

　　amount of

　　37..............

　　in carrying out the

　　test. The results were

　　then subjected to

　　a 38............. The 39..........

　　between different

　　test results was

　　put down to the

　　fact that sample

　　groups were not

　　40...................(as

　　with most ganzfeld

　　Studies).

　　劍橋雅思閱讀8原文參考譯文test1

　　PASSAGE 1參考譯文：

　　時(shí)間記錄的歷史

　　我們對(duì)時(shí)間的概念取決于我們測(cè)量時(shí)間的方式

　　有考古證據(jù)表明，至少5000年前，早在羅馬帝國(guó)尚未出現(xiàn)之時(shí)，巴比倫人就開(kāi)始測(cè)量時(shí)間，他們引進(jìn)日歷來(lái)統(tǒng)籌公共活動(dòng)，計(jì)劃貨物裝運(yùn)，特別是管控作物種植和收割。日歷的編排基于三個(gè)自然周期：以由地球繞地軸自轉(zhuǎn)形成的連續(xù)的光明與黑喑為標(biāo)記的太陽(yáng)日;以由月球環(huán)繞地球公轉(zhuǎn)形成的月相來(lái)衡量的太陰月;以及根據(jù)地球繞太陽(yáng)公轉(zhuǎn)形成的四季來(lái)定義的回歸年。

　　在人造光發(fā)明以前，月亮對(duì)社會(huì)產(chǎn)生的影響尤為顯著。尤其對(duì)于赤道附近的居民而言，月圓月缺比季節(jié)更替更加明顯。因此，低緯度地區(qū)日歷的形成更多受到月運(yùn)周期的影響，而不是回歸年。然而，在踐行季節(jié)性農(nóng)業(yè)的更偏北的氣候帶，回歸年則更為重要。隨著羅馬帝國(guó)向北擴(kuò)張，它的活動(dòng)圖表通常都是根據(jù)回歸年而編排的。

　　早在羅馬帝國(guó)建立幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以前，埃及人就已制定了市政日歷，規(guī)定一年有12個(gè)月，每月有30天，此外還有5天用來(lái)補(bǔ)充一個(gè)近似回歸年。每10天以特定星群的出現(xiàn)為標(biāo)志，這些星群被稱作“德坎”(黃道十度分度)。天狼星剛好在日出之前升起，此時(shí)可以看見(jiàn)12個(gè)德坎橫跨天空，而這一現(xiàn)象會(huì)在每年極其重要的尼羅河泛洪前后出現(xiàn)。埃及人賦予12個(gè)德坎的宇宙意義使他們形成一種新的系統(tǒng)，他們將每一個(gè)黑夜區(qū)間(之后又將每一個(gè)白晝區(qū)間)分成12等份。這些時(shí)段被稱為日光時(shí)，因?yàn)樗某掷m(xù)時(shí)間隨著季節(jié)更替引起的晝夜長(zhǎng)度的變化而變化。夏季日光時(shí)長(zhǎng)，冬季日光時(shí)短;只有在春分和秋分時(shí)白晝與黑夜的時(shí)長(zhǎng)才是一致的。日光時(shí)最早被希臘人采用，然后由羅馬人采用并傳到歐洲，一直使用了2500多年。

　　為了在白天記錄日光時(shí)，發(fā)明家們創(chuàng)造了日晷，用太陽(yáng)陰影的長(zhǎng)度和方向來(lái)指示時(shí)間。水鐘與日晷作用相當(dāng)，用于在夜晚測(cè)量日光時(shí)。最早的水鐘之一是一個(gè)水盆，盆底附近有一個(gè)小孔，水通過(guò)小孔滴出來(lái)。隨著水降至盆子內(nèi)表面刻著的小時(shí)刻度線以下，水位降低的刻度就表示流逝的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。盡管這些裝置在地中海地區(qū)十分好用，但在多云并常有嚴(yán)寒天氣的歐洲北部卻不能一直使用。

　　機(jī)械鐘的出現(xiàn)意味著盡管人們可以調(diào)試它以記錄日光時(shí)，但機(jī)械鐘本身更適合于記錄長(zhǎng)度相同的時(shí)間段。由此引發(fā)了一個(gè)問(wèn)題，即計(jì)時(shí)該從何時(shí)開(kāi)始。于是14世紀(jì)初，許多新型計(jì)時(shí)系統(tǒng)逐漸形成。人們計(jì)劃將一天分為24個(gè)等份，而這些計(jì)劃因?yàn)橛?jì)時(shí)起點(diǎn)的術(shù)同而不向：意大利時(shí)間從日落開(kāi)始算起，巴比倫時(shí)間從日出開(kāi)始，天文學(xué)時(shí)間從中午開(kāi)始，而德國(guó)一些大型公共時(shí)鐘使用的“大鐘”時(shí)間從午夜開(kāi)始算起。最終，這些計(jì)時(shí)方法被“小鐘”時(shí)間，即法國(guó)時(shí)間所取代，它將一天分成兩個(gè)12小時(shí)時(shí)段，從午夜開(kāi)始算起。

　　最早有記載的以重量驅(qū)動(dòng)的機(jī)械鐘1283年建于英國(guó)貝德福德郡。這種新型計(jì)時(shí)器所具有的革命意義既不在于依靠向下的重力提供起動(dòng)力，也不在于依靠齒輪(至少有1300年的使用歷史)傳遞動(dòng)力，而在于它使用了一個(gè)叫做擒縱機(jī)構(gòu)棘輪裝置的部件。15世紀(jì)初人們又創(chuàng)造出了螺旋彈簧，也被稱為均力圓錐輪。盡管主發(fā)條承受著不斷變化的張力，但該裝置仍能為鐘表齒輪提供恒力。到了16世紀(jì)，人們發(fā)明了擺鐘。但由于鐘擺擺動(dòng)弧度很大，因此并不十分有效。

　　為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，原有擒縱機(jī)構(gòu)棘輪裝置的改進(jìn)裝置1670年在英格蘭發(fā)明出來(lái)。該裝置被稱為錨型擒縱機(jī)構(gòu)，以杠桿為基礎(chǔ)，形狀像一艘船的錨。鐘擺的動(dòng)作對(duì)該設(shè)備產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)，以使它抓緊而后釋放擒縱機(jī)構(gòu)棘輪裝置的每一個(gè)齒，從而使得齒輪精確地旋轉(zhuǎn)。與早期擺鐘中所使用的原始裝置不同，錨型擒縱機(jī)構(gòu)使鐘擺的擺動(dòng)弧度變得很小。此外，這一發(fā)明使得擺鐘可以使用長(zhǎng)擺，一秒鐘擺動(dòng)一下，從而引發(fā)了新型落地柜式造型的開(kāi)發(fā)，也就是落地?cái)[鐘。

　　如今，高度精確的計(jì)時(shí)工具為大多數(shù)電子設(shè)備設(shè)置時(shí)間。幾乎所有的計(jì)算機(jī)都帶有石英鐘以控制其運(yùn)行。此外，從全球定位系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)星發(fā)射的時(shí)間信號(hào)不僅校準(zhǔn)精密導(dǎo)航設(shè)備的功能，還被用于移動(dòng)電話、即時(shí)股票交易系統(tǒng)和全國(guó)電力分配網(wǎng)。這些以時(shí)間為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)已完全成為日常生活的一部分，只有當(dāng)它們無(wú)法正常工作時(shí)，我們才會(huì)意識(shí)到人類多么依賴這些技術(shù)。

　　TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：

　　美國(guó)航空交通管制

　　A. 1956年美國(guó)大峽谷上空發(fā)生的一起事故促成了聯(lián)邦航空局(FAA)的成立。該局負(fù)責(zé)管理和監(jiān)督美國(guó)越來(lái)越擁擠的天空。由此形成的空中交通管制結(jié)構(gòu)大大增加了飛機(jī)在美國(guó)的飛行安全，世界其他很多地方也采取了類似的空中交通管制程序。

　　B.早在大峽谷災(zāi)難發(fā)生之前就存在雛形的航空交通管制(ATC)。早在20世紀(jì)20年代初，最早的空中交通管制員在機(jī)場(chǎng)附近用燈和標(biāo)志旗手動(dòng)引導(dǎo)飛機(jī)。當(dāng)時(shí)，燈標(biāo)和閃光燈沿著越野路線放置以建立最早的航線。然而，這種純粹的視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)在惡劣天氣情況下是無(wú)用的。到20世紀(jì)30年代，航空交通管制開(kāi)始使用無(wú)線電通訊。首個(gè)采用類似于今天的航空交通管制的地方是紐約市，其他主要的大都市緊隨其后。

　　C.20世紀(jì)40年代，航空交通管制中心利用了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)催生出的新研制的雷達(dá)和改進(jìn)后的無(wú)線電通訊技術(shù)，但管制系統(tǒng)仍然很不成熟。直到聯(lián)邦航空局分創(chuàng)建以后，美國(guó)才開(kāi)始進(jìn)行全面的領(lǐng)空管制。而這一事件卻是偶然的，因?yàn)閲姎馐桨l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的產(chǎn)生突然導(dǎo)致大批快速飛機(jī)的出現(xiàn)。這些飛機(jī)減少了飛行員的誤差幅度，并且需要實(shí)際的整套規(guī)則以使飛機(jī)之間保持良好的分離狀態(tài)，在空中安全行駛。

　　D.很多人認(rèn)為，航空交通管制就是一排管理人員坐在國(guó)家機(jī)場(chǎng)的雷達(dá)屏幕前指揮著抵港及離港的交通。這只是整個(gè)場(chǎng)景中的一部分。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局認(rèn)識(shí)到每時(shí)每刻都會(huì)有許多不同種類的飛機(jī)，為了這樣那樣的目的，在各種各樣的天氣情況下飛行在美國(guó)的空中。因此，急需一個(gè)能夠容納所有情況的同一體系。

　　E.為了迎接這一挑戰(zhàn)，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航天局實(shí)施了以下重要措施。首先，讓航空交通管制幾乎遍及整個(gè)美國(guó)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，離地面365米以及更高的地方，整個(gè)國(guó)家都被管制空域覆蓋。在某些地區(qū)，主要是靠近機(jī)場(chǎng)的地帶，管制空域擴(kuò)大到自地面215米以上的范圍，而在緊鄰機(jī)場(chǎng)的區(qū)域，管制空域包括地面以上所有區(qū)域。管制空域是美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局規(guī)定適用的空域。在其他非受控空域，飛行員受到的限制較少。如此一來(lái)，那些出于娛樂(lè)目的只想短時(shí)間飛行而不受美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局規(guī)定限制的飛行員就只能停留在365米以下的非受控領(lǐng)空，而希望得到航空局保護(hù)的飛行員可以很容易地進(jìn)人管制空域。

　　F.然后，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局確認(rèn)了兩種類型的飛行環(huán)境。在氣象條件良好的情況下，飛行員可按照目視飛行規(guī)則(VPR)飛行。該規(guī)則主要依靠視覺(jué)線索來(lái)維持可接受的安全水平。低能見(jiàn)度使建立一套儀表飛行規(guī)則(IFR)成為必需。根據(jù)該規(guī)則，飛行員依靠飛機(jī)儀表盤提供的飛行高度和導(dǎo)航信息確保飛行安全。天氣晴朗時(shí)，管制空域內(nèi)的飛行員可以選擇在目視飛行規(guī)則或儀表飛行規(guī)則下飛行，而美國(guó)聯(lián)邦航空局 的規(guī)定在同一空域同時(shí)適用于兩套規(guī)則的實(shí)施。但如果飛行員的儀表等級(jí)超出或低于了其必須持有的基本飛行員執(zhí)照規(guī)定的等級(jí)，飛行員只能選擇遵循儀表飛行規(guī)則。

　　G.管制空域分為幾個(gè)不同的類型，以英文字母命名。非受控空域被定為F級(jí)，而海拔5490米以下非緊鄰機(jī) 場(chǎng)的受控空域被定為E級(jí)。5490米以上的所有空域被定為A級(jí)。E級(jí)和A級(jí)是根據(jù)其間飛行的不同飛機(jī)類型而劃分的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，通用航空飛機(jī)(這類飛機(jī)的飛行高度大多不超過(guò)5490米)和商業(yè)渦輪螺旋槳飛機(jī)在E級(jí)空域飛行。5490米以上是大型噴氣機(jī)的領(lǐng)空，因?yàn)閲姎馐桨l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的效率隨著高度的增加而增高。E級(jí)和A級(jí)之間的區(qū)別在于A級(jí)空域中所有的操作都遵循儀表飛行規(guī)則，飛行員必須具有儀表級(jí)別，換言之，必須熟練掌握飛機(jī)儀表的使用并獲得許可。因?yàn)楹娇战煌ü苤茖?duì)整個(gè)空域的控制是至關(guān)重要的。其他三個(gè)等級(jí)：D級(jí)、C級(jí)和B級(jí)用于管理機(jī)場(chǎng)附近的區(qū)域。這三個(gè)級(jí)別大致分別適用于小型城市、中等城市和大型城市的機(jī)場(chǎng)，包含了一套越來(lái)越嚴(yán)格的規(guī)章制度。例如，目視飛行規(guī)則飛行員如要進(jìn)入C級(jí)空域，必須與航空交通管制建立雙向無(wú)線電聯(lián)系。航空交通管制無(wú)需提供明確的進(jìn)人許可，但飛行員必須始終遵守在目視飛行規(guī)則下飛行的所有規(guī)定。如要進(jìn)人B級(jí)空域，比如飛臨主要城市機(jī)場(chǎng)，則必須有明確的航空交通管制許可。未經(jīng)許可進(jìn)入領(lǐng)空的私人飛行員可能會(huì)被吊銷飛行執(zhí)照。

　　TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：

　　心靈感應(yīng)

　　人類可以僅憑思想溝通嗎?一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，心靈感應(yīng)問(wèn)題一直使科學(xué)界意見(jiàn)不一，直至今天依然在學(xué)界精英中引發(fā)著激烈的爭(zhēng)論。

　　上世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，世界各地頂尖高校和科研院所的超心理學(xué)家冒著遭受那些持懷疑態(tài)度的同事們嘲笑的危險(xiǎn)，將關(guān)于心靈感應(yīng)的各種斷言假說(shuō)放人幾十個(gè)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)研究中進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果及其啟 示甚至將發(fā)現(xiàn)該結(jié)果的研究者們也分成了幾派。

　　一些研究者認(rèn)為試驗(yàn)結(jié)果構(gòu)成令人信服的證據(jù)，表明心靈感應(yīng)是真實(shí)存在的。其他超心理學(xué)家則認(rèn)為該學(xué)科曾試圖提出明確的科學(xué)論證，但卻失敗了，因此正處于瓦解的邊緣。不過(guò)，懷疑者和倡導(dǎo)者卻在一 個(gè)問(wèn)題上達(dá)成共識(shí)：即迄今為止令人印象最為深刻的證據(jù)出自所謂的“ganzfeld”(超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，這一德文術(shù)語(yǔ)的意思是“整個(gè)領(lǐng)域”。人類在冥想狀態(tài)下的心靈感應(yīng)體驗(yàn)報(bào)告使超心理學(xué)家懷疑心靈感應(yīng)可能包含人與人之間傳遞的“信號(hào)”。這種信號(hào)十分微弱，以至于往往被正常的大腦活動(dòng)所淹沒(méi)。如此說(shuō)來(lái)，這種信號(hào)可能更容易被那些沉浸于冥想般寧?kù)o中的人檢測(cè)到。他們所處的“整個(gè)領(lǐng)域”有著令人放松的燈光，怡人的聲音和溫暖的環(huán)境。

　　超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試試圖重新?tīng)I(yíng)造這些條件，讓參與者坐在一個(gè)封閉房間里的柔軟躺椅上，聽(tīng)著令人放松的聲音，用特殊濾光器將參與者的眼睛蒙住，使他們只能看見(jiàn)柔和的粉紅色光線。在早期的超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試實(shí)驗(yàn)中，心靈感應(yīng)測(cè)試包括識(shí)別從大型圖片庫(kù)中隨機(jī)選擇的四張圖片中的其中一張。試驗(yàn)的想 法是有一個(gè)人作為“發(fā)送者”，嘗試把圖像發(fā)送給在封閉房間中休息的“接收者”。傳遞過(guò)程結(jié)束時(shí)，接收者 需要回答四張圖片中的哪一張是剛剛使用過(guò)的。隨機(jī)猜測(cè)的命中率是25%,但如果心靈感應(yīng)是真實(shí)存在的，命中率應(yīng)該更高。1982年，此項(xiàng)研究的先驅(qū)者之一，美國(guó)超心理學(xué)家Charles Honorton對(duì)第一批超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行了分析。研究結(jié)果顯示了高于30%的典型命中率。雖然效果不甚明顯，但統(tǒng)計(jì)測(cè)試顯示不能將它歸因于偶然。

　　其言下之意是超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試方法揭示了心靈感應(yīng)的真實(shí)證據(jù)。但這種說(shuō)法有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的漏洞—— 一個(gè)在較傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域經(jīng)常被忽視的問(wèn)題。僅僅由于這種解釋排除了偶然因素并不能證明心靈感應(yīng)一定存在;通過(guò)很多其他的方法也能獲得積極結(jié)果。這些可能性既包括“感官泄漏”，即與圖片有關(guān)的線索意外地傳給了接收者，也包括徹底的欺詐。作為回應(yīng)，研究者們發(fā)表了一份綜述，總結(jié)了 1985年以前進(jìn)行的所有超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試研究，以表明80%的研究都發(fā)現(xiàn)了有統(tǒng)計(jì)意義的證據(jù)。但他們也同意目前實(shí)驗(yàn)中尚有太多的問(wèn)題可能導(dǎo)致積極的結(jié)果，他們還草擬了一份清單，要求為今后的研究設(shè)立新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　此后，許多研究人員轉(zhuǎn)向了自動(dòng)超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試，這是一種技術(shù)的自動(dòng)化變體，也就是使用電腦完成許多關(guān)鍵任務(wù)，如隨機(jī)選擇圖像。通過(guò)最大限度地減少人為參與，這一想法是要將有缺陷的結(jié)果最小化。1987年，Honorton使用“薈萃分析”，即從一系列研究中尋找整體結(jié)果的統(tǒng)計(jì)技術(shù)，對(duì)上百次的自動(dòng)超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試結(jié)果進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果雖然沒(méi)有以往引人注目，卻仍然令人印象深刻。

　　然而，一些超心理學(xué)家仍然為單個(gè)超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試研究之間缺乏一致性感到煩惱。心靈感應(yīng)捍衛(wèi)者指出，要求每一項(xiàng)研究都提供令人印象深刻的證據(jù)忽略了一個(gè)基本的統(tǒng)計(jì)事實(shí)：檢測(cè)這些微小影響需要大量的樣本支持。如果像目前研究結(jié)果表明的那樣，心靈感應(yīng)的命中率僅僅略高于概率預(yù)測(cè)的25%，涉及40人左右的典型超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試也不太可能檢測(cè)得到：試驗(yàn)群體根本不夠大。只有當(dāng)大量研究結(jié)合在一個(gè)薈萃分析之中，心靈感應(yīng)的微弱信號(hào)才會(huì)真正明顯起來(lái)。而這似乎正是研究者們所發(fā)現(xiàn)的。

　　然而，他們肯定當(dāng)然不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)主流科學(xué)家們的態(tài)度有任何變化：大部分人仍然完全排斥心靈感應(yīng)的觀點(diǎn)。至少一部分問(wèn)題在于心靈感應(yīng)缺乏合理的機(jī)制。

　　各種理論都被提了出來(lái)，很多以理論物理學(xué)的深?yuàn)W思想為重點(diǎn)。其中包括“量子糾纏”：無(wú)論兩組原子間距離多么遙遠(yuǎn)，影響一組原子的事件都會(huì)立即影響另一組原子。雖然物理學(xué)家們用專門準(zhǔn)備的原子演示了“糾纏”，但這一現(xiàn)象是否同樣存在于構(gòu)成人類頭腦的原子中卻無(wú)人知曉。對(duì)于這些問(wèn)題的回答將改變超心理學(xué)。這使得一些研究人員認(rèn)為該學(xué)科的未來(lái)不在于收集更多心靈感應(yīng)的證據(jù)，而在與探索其可能的機(jī)制。一些工作已經(jīng)開(kāi)始進(jìn)行，研究人員試圖識(shí)別在自動(dòng)超感官知覺(jué)全域測(cè)試中特別成功的被試者。早期的結(jié)果表明有創(chuàng)造力和藝術(shù)性的人們的表現(xiàn)要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于平均水平：在愛(ài)丁堡大學(xué)的一次研究中，音樂(lè)家的測(cè)試命中率高達(dá)56%。或許更多諸如此類的測(cè)試最終將為研究人員提供他們正在尋求的證據(jù)，鞏固加強(qiáng)心靈感應(yīng)存在的依據(jù)。

　　劍橋雅思閱讀8原文解析(test1)

　　Passage1

　　Question 1

　　答案： D

　　關(guān)鍵詞： early timekeeping invention, cold temperatures

　　定位原文: D段最后1句“Although these devices performed…”

　　解題思路: 全文只有該句中提及寒冷氣溫。該句含義為“盡管這些裝置在地中海地區(qū)十分好用，但在多云并常有嚴(yán)寒天氣的歐洲北部卻不能一直使用。”與題干中描述的內(nèi)容相符。

　　Question 2

　　答案： B

　　關(guān)鍵詞： geography, development of the calendar, farming communities

　　定位原文： B段內(nèi)容

　　解題思路： 該段一共五句話，從第二句開(kāi)始每一句話都介紹了一個(gè)地理位置的變化對(duì)calendar的影響。分別是：And, for those living near the equator in particular,...Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes,...In more northern climes, however,...

　　As the Roman Empire expanded northward, ...

　　Question 3

　　答案： F

　　關(guān)鍵詞： pendulum clock, origins

　　定位原文： F段最后1句“By the 16th century…”

　　解題思路：含義為“到了 16世紀(jì)，人們發(fā)明了擺鐘。但由于鐘擺擺動(dòng)弧度很大，因此并不十分有效”。此句中devised意為“發(fā)明”，與題干中的origins對(duì)應(yīng)。

　　Question 4

　　答案： E

　　關(guān)鍵詞： simultaneous efforts, different societies, uniform hours

　　對(duì)應(yīng)原文： E段第3句“The schemes…”

　　解題思路： 含義為“人們計(jì)劃將一天分為24個(gè)等份，而這些計(jì)劃因?yàn)橛?jì)時(shí)起點(diǎn)的不同而不同：意大利時(shí)間從日落開(kāi)始算起，巴比倫時(shí)間從日出開(kāi)始，天文學(xué)時(shí)間從中午開(kāi)始，而德國(guó)一些大型公共時(shí)鐘使用的‘大鐘’時(shí)間從午夜開(kāi)始算起”。24 equal parts與題目中的 uniform hours 相對(duì)應(yīng), 本段中提到的各具體國(guó)家對(duì)應(yīng)題目中的 different societies。

　　Question 5

　　答案： B

　　關(guān)鍵詞： civil calendar, months, equal

　　定位原文： C段第1句“... the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months…”

　　解題思路： 該句提到埃及人制定了市政日歷，規(guī)定一年有12個(gè)月，每月有30天。答案 B 題目中的 months were equal in length 對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的 12 months of 30 days,題目中的 civil calendar 對(duì)應(yīng)文 章中的 municipal calendar,這項(xiàng)發(fā)明 是 Egyptians 完成的。

　　Question 6

　　答案: F

　　關(guān)鍵詞: day, two equal halves

　　定位原文: E段最后1句 “...or French hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods … ”

　　解題思路：題目中的 divide the day into two equal halves 對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的 split the day into two 12-hour periods, 具體指的是 French hours。

　　Question 7

　　答案： D

　　關(guān)鍵詞： new cabinet shape

　　定位原文： G段最后一句 “... and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case …”

　　解題思路： 此句中的floor-standing case design就對(duì)應(yīng)著cabinet shape,且該段第一行就出現(xiàn)了 England這個(gè)代表國(guó)家的詞匯。所以答案為D。

　　Question 8

　　答案: A

　　關(guān)鍵詞: organise, public events

　　定位原文: A段第1句“.. the Babylonians began to measure…”

　　解題思路: 題目中的 organize public events 對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的 co-ordinate communal activities,題目中的work schedules 對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的 the shipment of goods 及 planting and harvesting, 這些都是 Babylonians 的所作所為。

　　Question 9

　　答案: (ship’s) anchor / (an/the) anchor

　　關(guān)鍵詞: escapement, resembling

　　定位原文: G段第2句 “It was called the anchor…”

　　解題思路： 通過(guò)定位詞很容易找到文中定位句，此句中的like對(duì)應(yīng)resembling，所以答案為(ship’s) anchor / (an/the) anchor。

　　Question 10

　　答案: (escape) wheel

　　關(guān)鍵詞： release each tooth, wheel

　　定位原文： G段第3句“The motion of a pendulum rocks this…”

　　解題思路: 由圖可知,本題要求找到該圓盤狀物體的名稱,故應(yīng)有意識(shí)地尋找與該形狀有關(guān)的詞匯 ;另外此物體上有齒輪,這也可以作 為答題線索。根據(jù) ...release each tooth of the escape wheel 可知,本題答案為 (escape) wheel。

　　Question 11

　　答案: tooth

　　關(guān)鍵詞: release

　　定位原文: G段第3句“The motion of a pendulum rocks this…”

　　解題思路: 由圖可知,本題要求找到圓盤物體的支出 部分的名稱。通過(guò)解答第 10 題,可以很容 易地判定本題答案為 tooth。

　　Question 12

　　答案： (long)pendulum

　　關(guān)鍵詞： beats, each

　　定位原文： G段最后1句“Moreover, this invention allowed…”

　　解題思路： 由圖可知,本題要求找到長(zhǎng)形物體的名稱, 且應(yīng)發(fā)出 beat 的動(dòng)作。同時(shí)，本題答案應(yīng)為一個(gè)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，可通過(guò)冠詞幫助找到答案。通過(guò) G 段最后一句中的 a long pendulum which could beat once a second 可以確定本題答案為 (long) pendulum。

　　Question 13

　　答案： second

　　關(guān)鍵詞： beats, each

　　定位原文： G段最后1句“Moreover, this invention allowed…”

　　解題思路： 此題可與第12題同時(shí)解出，此句中的once對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的each, 所以答案為second。

　　Test 1 Passage 2

　　Question 14

　　答案: ii

　　關(guān)鍵詞: aviation disaster，prompts

　　定位原文: A段第1句“An accident that occurred in …”

　　解題思路: 本段第1句講述飛機(jī)失事是美國(guó)聯(lián)邦 航空總署成立原因,第 2 句簡(jiǎn)述其建立的結(jié) 果影響。文章中的 an accident 與選項(xiàng) ii 中的 disaster對(duì)應(yīng);文章中的result in與選項(xiàng)ii中 的 prompt 對(duì)應(yīng) ;文章中的 the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 被抽象概括成選項(xiàng) ii 中的 action。

　　Question 15

　　答案: iii

　　關(guān)鍵詞: coincidental developments

　　定位原文: C段前兩句“In the 1940s, ATG centres could and did…”

　　解題思路: C段首句說(shuō)明了 ATC取得的第一個(gè)development, 即利用了第二次世界大 戰(zhàn)催生出的新研制的雷達(dá)和改進(jìn)后的無(wú)線電通訊技術(shù)而建立的不成熟的管制系統(tǒng)。第二句則提到噴氣式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的產(chǎn)生突然導(dǎo)致大批快速飛機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，因此促使美國(guó)開(kāi)始進(jìn)行全面的空中管制，兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間的部分指出了這一development的偶然性 (fortuitous), 與 iii 中的 coincidental 含義一致。因此答案為iii。

　　Question 16

　　答案： v

　　關(guān)鍵詞： oversimplified

　　定位原文： D段第1、2句“Many people think that...This is a very incomplete part of the picture.”

　　解題思路: D段首句闡述了一個(gè)大眾觀點(diǎn)(many people think...)，接著第二句指出這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)過(guò)于片面。題干中的 oversimplified相當(dāng)于原句中的 incomplete。

　　Question 17

　　答案： iv

　　關(guān)鍵詞： altitude zones

　　定位原文： E段第2句“First, ATC extends over virtually …”

　　解題思路： E段第二句中提出讓航空交通管制幾乎遍及整個(gè)美國(guó)，接著分別講述了不同高度的空域管制情況(from 365m above the ground and higher, 215m above the ground, below 365m...)因此答案為iv。

　　Question 18

　　答案: viii

　　關(guān)鍵詞： weather conditions

　　定位原文： F段第1句“The FAA then recognized…”

　　解題思路: F段首句提出FAA確認(rèn)了兩種飛行環(huán)境。接著對(duì)這兩種環(huán)境進(jìn)行了解釋說(shuō)明，即在氣象條件良好的情況下，飛行員可按照目視飛行規(guī)則(VFR)飛行;在低能見(jiàn)度的情況下，飛行員則須按照儀表飛行規(guī)則(IFR)飛行。因此答案是viii。

　　Question 19

　　答案: vii

　　關(guān)鍵詞： airspace categories

　　定位原文： G段第1句“Controlled airspace is divided into…”

　　解題思路： G段首句點(diǎn)出此段主要闡述管制空域的分類(controlled airspace…different types)。因此答案為vii。文章中的 types 與選項(xiàng) vii 中的 categories 對(duì)應(yīng)。

　　Question 20

　　答案： FALSE

　　關(guān)鍵詞： FAA, created as result of

　　定位原文： A段第1句“An accident that occurred in the skies…”

　　解題思路： 文章中第 1 句明確說(shuō) FAA 成立的原因是空難, 題目中卻說(shuō)是由于噴氣式引擎出現(xiàn), 題目表述與文章矛盾。

　　Question 21

　　答案： FALSE

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Air Traffic Control, the Grand Canyon crash

　　定位原文： B段第1句“Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed…”

　　解題思路： 文章中明確說(shuō)是ATC existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster, 與題目中 started after 直接相反。

　　Question 22

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　關(guān)鍵詞： beacons and flashing lights

　　定位原文： B段第2句“...while beacons and flashing lights …”

　　解題思路: 此題的定位詞在文中原詞出現(xiàn)，按照順序原則可以迅速定位。文中定位處僅指出beacons和flashing lights在當(dāng)時(shí)的使用情況，對(duì)于題干中所指的如今的使用狀況只字未提。故此題答案為NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 23

　　答案： TRUE

　　關(guān)鍵詞： improvements, radio communication, World War II

　　定位原文： C段第1句 “...improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War...”

　　解題思路：此題定位很簡(jiǎn)單，定位句含義為“第二次世界大戰(zhàn)催生出的……改進(jìn)后的無(wú)線電通訊技術(shù)”，與題干含義無(wú)異。故此題答案為TRUE。

　　Question 24

　　答案: TRUE

　　關(guān)鍵詞: Class F, 365m

　　定位原文: G段第2句“Uncontrolled airspace …” E段第3、4句和最后1句

　　解題思路：通過(guò)定位詞Class F可快速定位至G段處，但是只能確定Class F為uncontrolled airspace,通過(guò)該短語(yǔ)及365m可繼續(xù)定位于E段。E段定位句說(shuō)明從365米往上的區(qū)間為controlled airspace，且在大部分near airports的區(qū)域，215米以上的區(qū)間都是controlled airspace，因此可以逆推出uncontrolled airspace的情況。故此題答案為TRUE。

　　Question 25

　　答案： FALSE

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Class E airspace, IFR

　　定位原文：G段第7句“The difference between Class E and…”

　　解題思路：此題通過(guò)定位詞能夠迅速定位。定位句的含義為“E級(jí)和A級(jí)之間的區(qū)別在于A級(jí)領(lǐng)空中所有的操作都遵循儀表飛行規(guī)則”。顯然題干信息與定位句內(nèi)容矛盾。此題還可以按照絕對(duì)化詞匯all和must來(lái)快速判定答案。故此題答案為FALSE。

　　Question 26

　　答案： TRUE

　　關(guān)鍵詞： pilot, Class C

　　定位原文：G段第9句“Three other types of airspace,…”

　　解題思路：此題通過(guò)定位詞能夠迅速定位。定位句中的medium-sized與題干中average-sized屬于同義轉(zhuǎn)述。故此題答案為TRUE。

　　Test 1 Passage 3

　　Question 27

　　答案： E

　　關(guān)鍵詞： researchers with differing attitudes, agree on

　　定位原文：第2段第3句“Sceptics and advocates…”

　　解題思路：通過(guò)題目中定位詞找到文章中的具體表 達(dá):第二段第3句。題目中的differing attitudes 對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的 skeptics and advocates,題目中的 agree on 對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的do concur on。由本句名詞性從句的主干 evidence...come from... experiments 即可得出答案。所有選項(xiàng)中提到 experiment 的只有一個(gè)。

　　Question 28：

　　答案： B

　　關(guān)鍵詞： experiences, meditation

　　定位原文：第2段第5句話“In this case, such signals might …”

　　解題思路：題目中要求找到實(shí)驗(yàn)的 啟示,答案出現(xiàn)在下一句中,其中 in a relaxing‘whole field’of light, sound and warmth 是題目中 的 suitable environment 的具體表現(xiàn)。

　　Question 29：

　　答案： A

　　關(guān)鍵詞： attitudes, parapsychology, alter

　　定位原文：第8段第4、5句“Answering such questions would…”

　　解題思路：第四句中的transform對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的alter，第五句中才提及研究者們的attitude,即該研究的未來(lái)在于探究可能的機(jī)制(mechanisms)。故正確答案為A。

　　Question 30：

　　答案： F

　　關(guān)鍵詞： autoganzfeld trials, success

　　定位原文：第8段倒數(shù)第2、3句“Some work has begun already …”

　　解題思路：此題通過(guò)定位詞可以迅速定位到第八段倒數(shù)第三句，倒數(shù)第二句指出有創(chuàng)造力和藝術(shù)性的人們表現(xiàn)得更好。因此可知樣本的選擇對(duì)命中率會(huì)有很大影響。故正確答案為F。

　　Question 31：

　　答案： sender

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Ganzfeld studies, 1982, person, acting as, four

　　定位原文：第3段第3句“The idea was that a person…”

　　解題思路：由空格前冠詞和空格后的定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞 who 可知本題需填入一個(gè)指代人的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。通過(guò)題目中數(shù)字 1982 迅速定位至文章第三段。再通過(guò)數(shù)字 four 定位至該段第 5 行。本題答案為 sender。

　　Question 32：

　　答案： picture/image

　　關(guān)鍵詞： one, random selection, four

　　定位原文： 第3段第2句“In early ganzfeld experiments…”

　　解題思路： 此題輕微亂序，但定位詞很明顯且定位句是上一題定位句的前一句?？崭袼钤~應(yīng)為從random selections of four中picked out的賓語(yǔ)。所以此題填picture/image。題干中的picked out與原文中的chosen from屬于同義轉(zhuǎn)述。

　　Question 33：

　　答案： receiver

　　關(guān)鍵詞： ichthyosaurs, can be determined by, appearance

　　定位原文：第3段第4句“Once the session was over, this …”

　　解題思路：此題定位較易?？崭袼钤~應(yīng)為 identify這一動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，定位句中與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的是指代詞this person,于是倒著往回看上一句，即第31題對(duì)應(yīng)句，可以找出this person的具體指代對(duì)象。所以此題填receiver。

　　Question 34：

　　答案： sensory leakage

　　關(guān)鍵詞： flaw, positive results

　　定位原文：第4段第4句“...there were many other ways of getting positive results. These ranged from ‘sensory leakage…”

　　解題思路：此題根據(jù)定位詞及順序原則可定位至第四段第四行最后，其中many other ways對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的factors，具體內(nèi)容在接下來(lái)的一句中。所以此題填sensory leakage。

　　Question 35：

　　答案： outright fraud

　　關(guān)鍵詞： or

　　定位原文：第4段第4句““...there were many other ways of getting positive results. These ranged from ‘sensory leakage…”

　　解題思路：此空與34題為并列關(guān)系。很明顯答案為 outright fraud。

　　Question 36：

　　答案： computers

　　關(guān)鍵詞： 1987, key tasks

　　定位原文：第5段第1句“…technique which used computers to …”

　　解題思路： 空格所填詞應(yīng)為被用來(lái)完成key tasks的對(duì)象，文中的perform對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的were used for。所以此題填computers。

　　Question 37：

　　答案： human involvement

　　關(guān)鍵詞： limit

　　定位原文：第5段第2句“By minimising human involvement...”

　　解題思路：此題按照順序原則定位，原文中的 minimising對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的limit,空格所填詞應(yīng)為被限制的對(duì)象。所以此題填human involvement。

　　Question 38：

　　答案： meta-analysis

　　關(guān)鍵詞： results, subjected to a

　　定位原文： 第5段倒數(shù)第2句“In 1987, results from hundreds…”

　　解題思路： 空格所填詞應(yīng)為 subject to的對(duì)象。所以此題填meta?-analysis。

　　Question 39：

　　答案： lack of consistency

　　關(guān)鍵詞： flaw, different test results

　　定位原文： 第6段第1句“Yet some parapsychologists…”

　　解題思路： 此題定位較難，文中的individual ganzfeld studies與題干中的different test對(duì)應(yīng)。空格所填詞應(yīng)為不同實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果之間的關(guān)系。所以此題填lack of consistency。

　　Question 40：

　　答案： big/large enough

　　關(guān)鍵詞： fact, sample group, not

　　定位原文：第6段倒數(shù)第3句“...the group is just not big enough.”

　　解題思路：此題定位較易?？崭袼钤~應(yīng)為 sample groups的特征，而且此題可以通過(guò)否定詞not幫助判斷答案。所以此題填big/large enough。

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