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托福TPO5閱讀真題文本：Part2

　　The Origin of the Pacific Island People

　　The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.

　　Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

　　The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.

　　Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.

　　Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere. The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl's "American Indians in the Pacific" theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.

　　Paragraph1: The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.

　　托福TPO5閱讀題目：Part2

　　1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true statements about Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia EXCEPT:

　　○ Collectively, these regions are traditionally known as Oceania.

　　○ These islands of Micronesia are small and spread out.

　　○ Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand mark the boundaries of Polynesia.

　　○ Melanesia is situated to the north of Micronesia.

　　Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, theoverwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

　　2. By stating that the theories are "mutually exclusive" the author means that

　　○ if one of the theories is true, then all the others must be false

　　○ the differences between the theories are unimportant

　　○ taken together, the theories cover all possibilities

　　○ the theories support each other

　　3. The word "overwhelming" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ powerful

　　○ favorable

　　○ current

　　○ reasonable

　　4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following led some early researchers to believe that the Pacific islanders originally came from Egypt?

　　○ Egyptians were known to have founded other great civilizations.

　　○ Sailors from other parts of the world were believed to lack the skills needed to travel across the ocean.

　　○ Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.

　　○ Egyptian accounts claimed responsibility for colonizing the Pacific as well as the Americas.

　　5. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about early theories of where the first inhabitants of the Pacific islands came from?

　　○ They were generally based on solid evidence.

　　○ They tried to account for the origin of the characteristic features of the languages spoken by Pacific islanders.

　　○ They assumed that the peoples living in Southeast Asia did not have the skills needed to sail to the Pacific islands.

　　○ They questioned the ideas of G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry.

　　Paragraph 3: The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.

　　6. The word "implements" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ skills

　　○ tools

　　○ opportunities

　　○ practices

　　7. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPT

　　○ knowledge of various Austronesian languages

　　○ a variety of fishing techniques

　　○ navigational skills

　　○ knowledge of plant cultivation

　　8. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide information about the types of crops grown and boats used in Southeast Asia during the period around 5000 B. C. E.?

　　○ To evaluate the relative importance of agriculture and fishing to early Austronesian peoples

　　○ To illustrate the effectiveness of archaeological and linguistic methods in discovering details about life in ancient times

　　○ To contrast living conditions on the continent of Asia with living conditions on the Pacific islands

　　○ To demonstrate that people from this region had the skills and resources necessary to travel to and survive on the Pacific islands

　　Paragraph 4: Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters. Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere. The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl's "American Indians in the Pacific" theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.

　　9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　○ Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.

　　○ The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.

　　○ Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.

　　○ The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.

　　10. The word "undisputed" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ mysterious

　　○ unexpected

　　○ acknowledged

　　○ significant

　　11. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT an explanation for why a group of people might have wanted to colonize the Pacific islands?

　　○ As their numbers increased, they needed additional territory.

　　○ The winds and currents made the islands easy to reach.

　　○ The political situation at home made emigration desirable.

　　○ They found exploration challenging and exciting.

　　12. Why does the author mention the views of "Patrick Kirch"?

　　○ To present evidence in favor of Heyerdahl's idea about American Indians reaching Oceania

　　○ To emphasize the familiarity of Pacific islanders with crops from many different regions of the world

　　○ To indicate that supposed proof for Heyerdahl's theory has an alternative explanation

　　○ To demonstrate that some of the same crops were cultivated in both South America and Oceania

　　Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. ■Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. ■For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. ■They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). ■In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　Later theories concentrate on journeys in the other direction.

　　Where could the sentence best fit?

　　Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer c

　　14. hoices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or

　　15. are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Together, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia make up the region described as the Pacific islands, or Oceania.

　　●

　　●

　　●

　　Answer Choices

　　○The first Europeans to reach the area assumed that the islands' original inhabitants must have drifted to Oceania, perhaps from Egypt or the Americas.

　　○It is now believed that the process of colonization required a great deal of skill, determination, and planning and could not have happened by chance.

　　○Using linguistic and archaeological evidence, anthropologists have determined that the first Pacific islanders were Austronesian people from Southeast Asia.

　　○New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia.

　　○Although early colonizers of the islands probably came from agriculture-based societies, they were obliged to adopt an economy based on fishing.

　　○Computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific have shown that reaching the Pacific islands was probably much easier than previously thought

　　托福TPO5閱讀真題翻譯：Part2

　　參考答案：

　　1.○4

　　2.○1

　　3.○1

　　4.○2

　　5.○3

　　6.○2

　　7.○1

　　8.○4

　　9.○4

　　10.○3

　　11.○2

　　12.○3

　　13.○4

　　14. The first Europeans to…

　　It is now believed that…

　　Using linguistic and…

　　托福TPO5閱讀翻譯Part2

　　參考翻譯：太平洋群島居民的起源

　　廣義的太平洋地區(qū)，傳統(tǒng)上被稱(chēng)作大洋洲，由三塊文化區(qū)域組成：美拉尼西亞，密克羅尼西亞和波利尼西亞。美拉尼西亞在西南太平洋，包含了新幾內(nèi)亞島、所羅門(mén)、瓦努阿圖和新喀里多尼亞的廣大島嶼。密克羅尼西亞在美拉尼西亞的北邊，主要由一些分散的島嶼組成。波利尼西亞是太平洋中心地區(qū)，位于由夏威夷、復(fù)活節(jié)群島和新西蘭的三大島嶼組成的三角區(qū)域中。在歐洲人到來(lái)之前，最大的波利尼西亞和密克羅尼西亞島嶼群一共有差不多70萬(wàn)人口。

　　對(duì)于太平洋群島居民起源的思索開(kāi)始于外來(lái)者和島民們接觸的最初，由于缺乏可靠的語(yǔ)言學(xué)、考古學(xué)和生物學(xué)資料，出現(xiàn)了很多奇異并且互斥的理論。之前太平洋島民曾被認(rèn)為來(lái)自北美洲、南美洲、埃及、以色列、印度以及東南亞。許多古老的理論含蓄地貶低了太平洋群島居民的航海能力和綜合文化創(chuàng)造力。比如說(shuō)，英國(guó)人類(lèi)學(xué)家G. Elliot Smith 和W. J. Perry認(rèn)為只有埃及人才能熟練地航海和統(tǒng)治太平洋。他們推斷埃及人甚至曾經(jīng)穿越過(guò)太平洋去尋找新世界的文明(北美洲和南美洲)。1947年，挪威探險(xiǎn)家Thor Heyerdahl為了證明他的太平洋群島居民是美國(guó)本土居民(也被稱(chēng)作美國(guó)印第安人)的理論，用一只帶有標(biāo)志的輕質(zhì)木筏，借助風(fēng)力和水流從南美洲漂流過(guò)了太平洋。后來(lái)Heyerdahl表明太平洋人來(lái)自三個(gè)移民群體：從北美洲西北部太平洋地區(qū)漂流到夏威夷的美國(guó)本土居民，從秘魯去往復(fù)活節(jié)島的漂流者，還有美拉尼西亞人。1969年，他駕駛一條埃及樣式的蘆葦船穿過(guò)大西洋，證明埃及人在美洲的影響。與這些理論相矛盾的是，有關(guān)物理人類(lèi)學(xué)、語(yǔ)言學(xué)和考古學(xué)的權(quán)威證據(jù)表明，太平洋島居民來(lái)自東南亞，并且他們有足夠的能力來(lái)逆著風(fēng)和洋流航行。

　　成功地將太平洋群島殖民地化需要的基礎(chǔ)文化條件包括：適當(dāng)?shù)脑齑?、航行和航海技術(shù)以首先到達(dá)島嶼;適應(yīng)貧瘠條件的馴化植物和園藝技術(shù);各種各樣的捕魚(yú)器具和技術(shù)?，F(xiàn)在普遍認(rèn)為這些先決條件是那些說(shuō)南島語(yǔ)(一個(gè)有幾百種親屬語(yǔ)種的語(yǔ)系)的人所帶來(lái)的，他們公元前5 000年前就出現(xiàn)在東南亞。通過(guò)考古學(xué)和語(yǔ)言學(xué)的重建發(fā)現(xiàn)，那個(gè)時(shí)候的文明擁有廣泛的植物儲(chǔ)存，包括芋頭、紗、香蕉、甘蔗、面包果、椰子、西米和稻米。同樣重要的是，當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)也具備適應(yīng)海洋的基礎(chǔ)，包括桅桿船和各種各樣有利于越洋航行的捕魚(yú)技術(shù)。

　　與那個(gè)太平洋人很多都是波利尼西亞人偶然迷失并漂流而定居下來(lái)的說(shuō)法相反的是，這些功績(jī)是通過(guò)有意的殖民遠(yuǎn)征來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，他們那些準(zhǔn)備周詳，出發(fā)時(shí)滿(mǎn)載食物、已培育好的植物和以馴化的動(dòng)物。通過(guò)電腦模擬對(duì)風(fēng)向和洋流進(jìn)行的詳細(xì)研究表明，船只漂流是最不可能的殖民太平洋的途徑。遠(yuǎn)征可能是由本土的人口增長(zhǎng)、_以及探索未知水域的挑戰(zhàn)和興奮所驅(qū)動(dòng)的。因?yàn)樗械牟ɡ嵛鱽喨恕⒚芸肆_尼西亞人和很多美拉尼西亞人說(shuō)南島語(yǔ)，種植的莊稼起源于東南亞，所以所有的這些人最有可能來(lái)自那個(gè)地方，而不是新世界或者其他地方。甘薯，一種新世界的品種，在哥倫比亞發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸前它就在大洋洲的出現(xiàn)，這是無(wú)可置疑的，這有時(shí)候被用來(lái)證明Heyerdahl的太平洋島民是美國(guó)印第安人的理論。然而，這是一種在東南亞培育的植物的長(zhǎng)名單之外的植物。正如美國(guó)人類(lèi)學(xué)家Patrick Kirch所指出的，比起從南美漂流過(guò)來(lái)，甘薯更容易被那些到過(guò)南美的玻利尼西亞返航者攜帶來(lái)。

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