現(xiàn)在大家在進行托福備考時TPO托福?？架浖嘈攀谴蠹矣玫淖疃嗟墓ぞ吡耍瑢τ谕懈３煽兊奶嵘欠浅Ｓ袔椭?。今天小編在這里整理了托福TPO8閱讀文本Part1及參考答案來分享給大家，希望對大家托福閱讀備考有幫助。

托福TPO8閱讀文本Part1

　　The Rise of Teotihuacaacuten

　　The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico).

　　How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán's geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley's potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán's religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán's elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.

　　This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán's rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.

　　It seems likely that Teotihuacán's natural resources, along with the city elite's ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors. The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.

　　Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life. Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition, Teotihuacán's elite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that as early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet. Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number and size of irrigated fields.

　　The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism. The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets. All this led to increased wealth, which in turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán. The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force. More irrigation works would have to be built to feed the growing population, and this resulted in more power and wealth for the elite.

　　Paragraph 1: The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico).

　　托福TPO8閱讀題目Part1

　　1. The word "massive" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ ancient

　　○ carefully

　　○ very large

　　○ carefully protected

　　2. In paragraph 1, each of the following is mentioned as a feature of the city of Teotihuacán between A.D. 150 and 700 EXCEPT

　　○ regularly arranged streets

　　○ several administrative centers spread across the city

　　○ many manufacturing workshops

　　○ apartment complexes

　　Paragraph 2: How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán's geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley's potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán's religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán's elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.

　　3. The word "pinpoint" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ identify precisely

　　○ make an argument for

　　○ describe

　　○ understand

　　4.The word "ingenuity" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ ambition

　　○ sincerity

　　○ faith

　　○ cleverness

　　5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a main factor in the development of Teotihuacán?

　　○The presence of obsidian in the Teotihuacán Valley

　　○The potential for extensive irrigation of Teotihuacán Valley lands

　　○A long period of volcanic inactivity in the Teotihuacán Valley

　　○Teotihuacán's location on a natural trade route

　　Paragraph 2: How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán's geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley's potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán's religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán's elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.

　　Paragraph 3: This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán's rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.

　　6. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.?

　　○They were more frequent than historians once thought.

　　○They may have done more damage to Teotihuacán than to neighboring centers.

　　○They may have played a major role in the rise of Teotihuacán.

　　○They increased the need for extensive irrigation in the Teotihuacán Valley.

　　7. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.?

　　○It was a fairly small city until that date.

　　○It was located outside the Valley of Mexico.

　　○It emerged rapidly as an economical and political center.

　　○Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.

　　8. The word "predominant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ most aggressive

　　○ most productive

　　○ principal

　　○ earliest

　　Paragraph 4: It seems likely that Teotihuacán's natural resources, along with the city elite's ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors. The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.

　　9. Which of the following allowed Teotihuacán to have "a competitive edge over its neighbors"?

　　○A well-exploited and readily available commodity

　　○The presence of a highly stable elite class

　　○Knowledge derived directly from the Olmecs about the art of toolmaking

　　○Scarce natural resources in nearby areas such as those located in what are now the Guatemalan and Mexican highlands

　　10. According to paragraph 4, what has recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites shown?

　　○Obsidian's value was understood only when Teotihuacán became an important city.

　　○The residents of Teotihuacán were sophisticated toolmakers.

　　○The residents of Teotihuacán traded obsidian with the Olmecs as early as 400 B.C.

　　○Some of the obsidian used by the Olmecs came from the area around

　　Paragraph 5: Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life. Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition, Teotihuacán's elite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that as early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet. Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number and size of irrigated fields.

　　11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

　　○The prosperity of the elite

　　○Plenty of available housing

　　○Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment

　　○The presence of one or more religious shrines

　　Paragraph 6: The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism. The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets. All this led to increased wealth, which in turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán. The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force. More irrigation works would have to be built to feed the growing population, and this resulted in more power and wealth for the elite.

　　12. In paragraph 6, the author discusses "The thriving obsidian operation" in order to

　　○ explain why manufacturing was the main industry of Teotihuacán

　　○ give an example of an industry that took very little time to develop in Teotihuacán

　　○ Illustrate how several factors influenced each other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy city

　　○ explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time

　　Paragraph 1: The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. ■It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. ■Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. ■Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico). ■

　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Teotihuacán was a highly developed city in Mesoamerica that reached its peak between about A.D. 150 and 700.

　　●

　　●

　　●

　　Answer choices

　　○The number and sophistication of the architectural, administrative, commercial, and religious features of Teotihuacan indicate the existence of centralized planning and control.

　　○Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city's great prosperity.

　　○As a result of its large number of religious shrines, by the first century A.D., Teotihuacan become the most influential religious center in all of Mesoamerica.

　　○Several factors may account for Teotihuacán's extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.

　　○In many important areas, from the obsidian industry to religious tourism, Teotihuacán's success and prosperity typified the classic positive feedback cycle.

　　○Although many immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between A.D.150 and 700, the increasing threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limited Teotihuacán's population growth.

　　托福TPO8閱讀文本Part1參考答案

　　參考答案：

　　1. ○3

　　2. ○2

　　3. ○1

　　4. ○4

　　5. ○3

　　6. ○3

　　7. ○4

　　8.○3

　　9. ○1

　　10. ○4

　　11. ○1, 4

　　12. ○3

　　13. ○4

　　14. The number and sophistication

　　Several factors may account

　　In many important areas

　　托福TPO8閱讀翻譯Part1

　　參考翻譯:特奧蒂瓦坎的崛起

　　起源于公元前200到100年前的特奧蒂瓦坎城位于現(xiàn)在的墨西哥城東北約50公里處。在鼎盛時期，也就是大約在公元150到700年間，它可能有超過12.5萬的人口至少覆蓋圓20平方公里。它擁有超過2 000座大廈、一座大型市場、大量的工業(yè)作坊、一個行政管理中心、數(shù)量龐大的宗教場所，還有規(guī)則的街道建筑網(wǎng)絡。顯然，這座偉大的都市的管理和擴張時經(jīng)過了精心的規(guī)劃和集中管理的。甚至特奧蒂瓦坎城與中美洲的大部分都保持著經(jīng)濟也許還有宗教的聯(lián)系。

　　這驚人的發(fā)展是如何完成的，又為什么會發(fā)生在特奧蒂瓦坎峽谷呢?其中最主要的原因就是特奧蒂瓦坎地處聯(lián)通墨西哥峽谷南部和東部的自然形成的通商線路中，特奧蒂瓦坎峽谷本身擁有的黑曜石資源，還有特奧蒂瓦坎峽谷大面積灌溉的潛能。而其他的因素的作用則很難表述清楚--例如，特奧蒂瓦坎作為宗教圣地的重要地位，在公元前一千年后期墨西哥峽谷及其周圍地區(qū)的歷史情況，特奧蒂瓦坎精英們的機智和深謀遠慮，以及自然災害的沖擊，比如在公元前一千年后期的火山噴發(fā)。

　　這最后的因素至少偶然地暗示了特奧蒂瓦坎的崛起。在公元前200年以前，有很多相對較小的中心在墨西哥峽谷內(nèi)部和周圍和諧共存著。就在這時其中最大的中心，Cuicuilco遭到火山爆發(fā)的嚴重影響，其大部分農(nóng)田被巖漿覆蓋了。隨著Cuicuilco失去了競爭能力，其他任何一個中等的城鎮(zhèn)都可能成為墨西哥中部新一代政治經(jīng)濟中心?？脊刨Y料明確地表明，特奧蒂瓦坎就是在公元1世紀時崛起的中心。

　　很可能是特奧蒂瓦坎的自然資源和精英們發(fā)揮其潛能們的才能，給予了這座城市以與其鄰居們抗衡的力量。像墨西哥和危地馬拉高地的其他地區(qū)一樣，這個峽谷也富含黑曜巖。那堅硬的火成巖在很多年內(nèi)都是需求量極大的資源，至少從奧爾麥克人(一個在公元前1 200到公元前400年間繁榮過的民族)的崛起之后就是這樣了，顯然它有著一個穩(wěn)定的市場。關于最近在奧爾達克遺址中發(fā)掘的黑曜巖工具的研究表明，奧爾麥克人所得到的部分黑曜石工具源自特奧蒂瓦坎地區(qū)。在這座偉大的城市崛起之前，特奧蒂瓦坎的黑曜巖一定已經(jīng)作為極有價值的商品聞名數(shù)世紀了。

　　長距離的黑曜巖交易可能就使得特奧蒂瓦坎的精英們有機會得到外來的商品和相對繁榮的生活，這種成功可能會吸引移民到特奧蒂瓦坎。另外，特奧蒂瓦坎的貴族們也可能會有意地吸引新的移民。也有可能是早在公元前200年前，特奧蒂瓦坎的宗教就達到了一定的高度，所以其神殿就是另一種對移民的吸引力。最后，不斷增加的人口可以通過擴大灌溉土地的面積和規(guī)模而得到給養(yǎng)。

　　那展現(xiàn)出來的特奧蒂瓦坎的生活圖景是一種經(jīng)典的在黑曜巖開采和交易，人口的增長，灌溉的擴張，還有宗教旅游業(yè)之間的良性反饋。比如說，黑曜巖交易的發(fā)展將需要更多的礦工，更多的黑曜巖工具的制造商和更多的商人將工具運往新的市場。所有的這一切導致了財富的增加，而財富的增加，這反過來又會吸引更多的人移民到特奧蒂瓦坎。而那些掌控者經(jīng)濟命脈的社會精英們的力量的增長就會為他們提供了種.種方法以迫使人們移往特奧蒂瓦坎以充當額外的勞動力。于是就不得不建成更多的灌溉工事以給養(yǎng)增長的人口，而這又會導致精英們力量和財富的增加。

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