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托福TPO9閱讀原文：Part1

　　It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.

　　Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.

　　The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.

　　More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.

　　The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.

　　The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.

　　Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.

　　托福TPO9閱讀題目Part1

　　1. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by

　　○paleoecologist Glen MacDonald's argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believed

　　○the demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrect

　　○evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believed

　　○research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed

　　2. The word "persuasively" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○aggressively

　　○inflexibly

　　○convincingly

　　○carefully

　　Paragraph 2: Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.

　　3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on to

　　○ discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejected

　　○ present the evidence on which the theory was based

　　○ cite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrect

　　○ explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible

　　4. The phrase "prior to" is closest in meaning to

　　○ before

　　○ immediately after

　　○ during

　　○ in spite of

　　5. Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?

　　○They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.

　　○They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milder.

　　○They would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glaciers had begun to melt.

　　○They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.

　　Paragraph 3: The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.

　　6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.

　　○B(yǎng)ecause this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.

　　○Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.

　　○The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.

　　○According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas.

　　Paragraph 4: More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vastareas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.

　　7. The author's purpose in paragraph 4 is to

　　○ indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesis

　　○ indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously

　　○ explain why humans may have reached America's northwest coast before animals and plants did

　　○ show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State

　　8. The word "Vast" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○Frozen

　　○Various

　　○Isolated

　　○Huge

　　Paragraph 5: The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.

　　9. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that

　　○ humans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal rather than inland environments

　　○ animals had migrated from the inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental ice-free corridor was actually implausible

　　○ humans probably would have been able to find enough resources along the coastal corridor

　　○ the continental shelf was still exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the southward migration of people began

　　10. The word "inhospitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ not familiar

　　○ not suitable

　　○ not dangerous

　　○ not reachable

　　11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as

　　○16,000 years ago

　　○14,000 years ago

　　○12,500 years ago

　　○10,000 years ago

　　Paragraph 6: The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.

　　12. The word "impetus" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ chance

　　○ protection

　　○ possibility

　　○ incentive

　　Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. ■The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. ■But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. ■

　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization.

　　Where could the sentence best fit?

　　14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor.

　　●

　　●

　　●

　　Answer Choices

　　○Evidence that an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.

　　○There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the northwest coast.

　　○Recent geologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago.

　　○Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments.

　　○There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible.

　　○Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy, several early human groups quickly moved south.

　　托福TPO9閱讀答案Part1

　　參考答案：

　　1. ○2

　　2. ○3

　　3. ○4

　　4. ○1

　　5. ○1

　　6. ○3

　　7. ○1

　　8.○4

　　9. ○3

　　10. ○2

　　11. ○2

　　12. ○4

　　13. ○4

　　14. There is growing support

　　Recent geologic evidence

　　There is evidence suggesting

　　托福TPO9閱讀翻譯Part1

　　參考翻譯：美國(guó)西北海岸的移民

　　這種觀念被人們接受很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了：美洲被一群來(lái)自亞洲的移民殖民統(tǒng)治著，他們?cè)谏弦粋€(gè)冰河時(shí)代緩慢地跨越了一個(gè)叫做白令的大陸橋(現(xiàn)在白令海峽位于東北亞和阿拉斯加之間)。關(guān)于這些遷徙的第一個(gè)水路理論表明，大概在11 000到12 000年前，有一個(gè)不凍的走廊，它從白令海峽東部延伸到北美(大北部冰河的南部)，是連在兩個(gè)巨大冰床間的半大陸性走廊，向西的Laurentide使往南的遷移成為可能。但是當(dāng)古生態(tài)學(xué)者Glen MacDonald證明一些用來(lái)支持不凍走廊存在的重要放射性碳時(shí)間不正確時(shí)，對(duì)于不凍走廊的信念就被粉碎了。他令人信服地主張那樣的不凍走廊直到很久以后才出現(xiàn)，那時(shí)大陸冰開(kāi)始最后的消退。

　　另外一種理論得到越來(lái)越多的人的支持，它認(rèn)為可能早在16 000年前，人們使用船只，也許是那種獸皮做的小船，從白令沿著阿拉斯加海灣，然后沿著北美的西北海岸前進(jìn)。這條路線使人類(lèi)可以在大陸冰河解凍之前進(jìn)入美洲南部地區(qū)。直到20世紀(jì)70年代早期，大部分考古學(xué)家都不認(rèn)為海岸可能是進(jìn)入美洲的移民路線，因?yàn)榈乩韺W(xué)家一開(kāi)始就堅(jiān)信整個(gè)西北海岸在上個(gè)冰河時(shí)代是被冰川覆蓋的。人們猜測(cè)冰從阿拉斯加、加拿大山脈向西延伸到大陸架的邊界，也就是大陸延伸到海洋中而被淹沒(méi)的部分。這樣就形成了一個(gè)由冰構(gòu)成的，從阿拉斯加半島，經(jīng)過(guò)阿拉斯加海灣，向南沿著北美洲西北海岸延伸至今天的華盛頓州的冰層障礙。

　　海岸移民路線的最有影響力的支持者是加拿大考古學(xué)家Knut Fladmark。他認(rèn)為通過(guò)船只的使用，人們逐漸殖民到?jīng)]有冰凍的地方以及沿著大陸架的、由于海平面較低而裸露出來(lái)的地區(qū)。Fladmark的假設(shè)從一個(gè)事實(shí)那得到了更多的支持，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)本土語(yǔ)言的最大多樣性出現(xiàn)在西海岸沿岸，這就表明這個(gè)地區(qū)是人類(lèi)定居時(shí)間最早的。

　　更多最近的地質(zhì)研究證明了13 000年前在加拿大的不列顛可倫比亞省主要海岸地區(qū)無(wú)冰區(qū)域的存在和結(jié)冰?，F(xiàn)在研究表明，直到上個(gè)冰河時(shí)代末期，阿拉斯加?xùn)|南、沿大陸架內(nèi)的大部分地區(qū)并沒(méi)有被冰層覆蓋。一項(xiàng)研究表明，除了在不列顛哥倫比亞省東南部和華盛頓州之間的250英里的海岸地區(qū)以外，北美的西北海岸在大概16 000年之前都是沒(méi)有冰的。沿海的遼闊地區(qū)的冰川在大約16 000年前開(kāi)始融化，這就為13 000前 到14 000年前的某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)植物、動(dòng)物和人類(lèi)的遷移提供了一個(gè)海岸走廊。

　　海岸走廊假設(shè)近些年得到了越來(lái)越多的支持，因?yàn)橐恍┐笮蛣?dòng)物(比如北美馴鹿、棕熊)的遺跡出現(xiàn)在阿拉斯加?xùn)|南部地區(qū)，其時(shí)間為10 000年到12 500年之前。之前大部分科學(xué)家認(rèn)為此時(shí)此地不適合人類(lèi)生存。如果一種環(huán)境能滿足熊的繁殖，那么它就有足夠的食物來(lái)源來(lái)供應(yīng)人類(lèi)的生存。Fladmark和其他科學(xué)家都認(rèn)為人類(lèi)第一次乘船沿著西北岸到達(dá)美洲發(fā)生在冰河時(shí)代的晚期，可能早達(dá)14 000年以前。最新的地質(zhì)資料表明：13 000年 至 14 000年前，人們殖民因低海平面而裸露的大陸架沿岸的無(wú)冰區(qū)域是可能的。

　　海岸假設(shè)提出了一個(gè)以捕食海洋哺乳動(dòng)物、捕撈咸水魚(yú)類(lèi)、使用船只為基礎(chǔ)的自然經(jīng)濟(jì)。由于東部是冰障，西部是太平洋，北部是移民區(qū)，所以有一股強(qiáng)大的力量促使人們往南方遷移。

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