老托福閱讀真題及答案:passage11
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老托福閱讀真題及答案:passage 11
Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.
If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.
Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms
(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms
(C) How plant defense mechanisms function
(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ
2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) susceptible to
(B) classified by
(C) attractive to
(D) strengthened by
3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) pierce
(B) pinch
(C) surround
(D) cover .
4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to
(A) tissues
(B) substances
(C) barriers
(D) insects
5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?
(A) resins
(B) tannins
(C) glycosides
(D) alkaloids
6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?
(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals
(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants
(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense
(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense
7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by
(A) striking
(B) accurate
(C) consistent
(D) appealing
8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?
(A) Lines 1-3
(B) Lines 4-6
(C) Lines 13-15
(D) Lines 24-27
9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on
(A) the basis of passive plant defense
(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.
(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals
(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.
正確答案:CAABD CADD
托福閱讀易錯(cuò)詞匯的整理
1) quite 相當(dāng) quiet 安靜地
2) affect v 影響, 假裝 effect n 結(jié)果, 影響
3) adapt 適應(yīng) adopt 采用 adept 內(nèi)行
4) angel 天使 angle 角度
5) dairy 牛奶廠 diary 日記
6) contend 奮斗, 斗爭(zhēng) content 內(nèi)容, 滿足的 context 上下文 contest 競(jìng)爭(zhēng), 比賽
7) principal 校長(zhǎng), 主要的 principle 原則
8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的
9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放棄 dissert 寫論文
10) pat 輕拍 tap 輕打 slap 掌擊 rap 敲,打
11) decent 正經(jīng)的 descent n 向下, 血統(tǒng) descend v 向下
12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水
13) later 后來(lái) latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近
14) costume 服裝 custom 習(xí)慣
15) extensive 廣泛的 intensive 深刻的
16) aural 耳的 oral 口頭的
17) abroad 國(guó)外 aboard 上(船,飛機(jī))
18) altar 祭壇 alter 改變
19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音
20) champion 冠軍 champagne 香檳酒 campaign 戰(zhàn)役
21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古倉(cāng)
22) beam 梁, 光束 bean 豆 been have 過(guò)去式
23) precede 領(lǐng)先 proceed 進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)
24) pray 祈禱 prey 獵物
25) chicken 雞 kitchen 廚房
26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驢
27) chore 家務(wù)活 chord 和弦 cord 細(xì)繩
28) cite 引用 site 場(chǎng)所 sight 視覺(jué)
29) clash (金屬)幢擊聲 crash 碰幢,墜落 crush 壓壞
30) compliment 贊美 complement 附加物
31) confirm 確認(rèn) conform 使順從
32) contact 接觸 contract 合同 contrast 對(duì)照
33) council 議會(huì) counsel 忠告 consul 領(lǐng)事
34) crow 烏鴉 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛
35) dose 一劑藥 doze 打盹
36) drawn draw 過(guò)去分詞 drown 溺水
托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)詞匯的解析
什么是學(xué)術(shù)詞匯 在托福閱讀的課堂上,經(jīng)常有學(xué)生對(duì)繁雜的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯頭疼不已。碰到這類詞匯,會(huì)大大拖慢閱讀速度,影響整體的正確率。托福閱讀中,所有的單詞可以被歸為兩類:一般功能詞匯和學(xué)術(shù)詞匯。一般功能詞沒(méi)有明顯的學(xué)術(shù)背景,比如:animal, organ, time 而學(xué)術(shù)詞匯指的是一類有特定學(xué)科背景的詞匯。比如某一種動(dòng)物,像是archaeopteryx(始祖鳥(niǎo));某一個(gè)生物結(jié)構(gòu),像是nerve cord(神經(jīng)索),或者某一個(gè)歷史時(shí)期,像是 Cretaceous(白堊紀(jì))等等。比起一般功能詞,托福閱讀中的這些學(xué)術(shù)詞匯更容易對(duì)我們?cè)斐砷喿x障礙。
具體來(lái)說(shuō)閱讀文章中的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯之所以難主要在三個(gè)方面:第一,我們備考過(guò)程中很少會(huì)背到某個(gè)特定學(xué)科的詞匯;第二,學(xué)術(shù)詞匯往往難以用普通的詞根詞綴法去猜測(cè);第三,我們甚至可能根本連它的漢語(yǔ)意思都不知道,例如:托福閱讀中出現(xiàn)過(guò)一種叫Kittiwake的鳥(niǎo),漢語(yǔ)叫三趾鷗,這個(gè)中文名詞,我們可能也沒(méi)有聽(tīng)過(guò)。如此,陌生的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯會(huì)影響我們閱讀的速度,也影響我們的心理狀態(tài)。
為什么會(huì)有學(xué)術(shù)詞匯
那么既然托福是一門語(yǔ)言考試,那么為什么閱讀文章中會(huì)出現(xiàn)如此多的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯?而這所有的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯,為什么考試中都不會(huì)給你任何解釋呢?
首先應(yīng)該相信,作為世界范圍內(nèi)英語(yǔ)最為權(quán)威的考試之一,考試方將學(xué)術(shù)詞匯設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)托福閱讀一定是有其原因的。而上面問(wèn)題的答案我們可以從托??荚嚨谋举|(zhì)來(lái)思考。
托福的確是語(yǔ)言考試,但是托??荚嚳疾斓氖悄刚Z(yǔ)非英語(yǔ),但是卻即將赴英語(yǔ)國(guó)家學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生。那么對(duì)于這些學(xué)生(其中多數(shù)是讀本科或者研究生),對(duì)于他們的語(yǔ)言考試就更加側(cè)重于測(cè)試他們能否在國(guó)外的大學(xué)環(huán)境中生存并且學(xué)習(xí)。而在大學(xué)里,一個(gè)學(xué)生閱讀最多的是什么呢?顯然是各種的課本。那么針對(duì)這種考察需求,托??荚嚨拈喿x部分就應(yīng)該考察學(xué)生能否讀懂,理解課本的能力。大學(xué)課本歸根到底都是由學(xué)術(shù)性的文段組成,含有大量的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯。這樣,托福閱讀中也出現(xiàn)如此多的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯就理所應(yīng)當(dāng)了。只有這樣才能真正考察學(xué)生是否能看懂課本。
一本動(dòng)輒上千頁(yè)的英文課本比起托福閱讀難度自然大得多,可以說(shuō)讀懂托福閱讀文章不一定能讀懂英文課本;但是,如果托福文章都讀不懂就肯定也難以理解英文課本。
"量"的問(wèn)題--考前儲(chǔ)備學(xué)術(shù)詞匯 考前儲(chǔ)備學(xué)術(shù)詞匯,首先該明確的是托福文章所涉及的文章體裁十分廣泛,自然科學(xué),人文科學(xué),社會(huì)科學(xué),藝術(shù)等等無(wú)所不包,想窮盡所有考試中的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯是不實(shí)際的,也是低效率的。但是托福閱讀文章的出題題材是有偏好的。在考前儲(chǔ)備學(xué)術(shù)詞匯時(shí),我們只需在練習(xí)時(shí),把真題文章中的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯進(jìn)行一下整理,僅僅以"認(rèn)識(shí)單詞"為目標(biāo),不求會(huì)寫,會(huì)聽(tīng),會(huì)說(shuō),這樣來(lái)積累一定的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯,以保證如果考試時(shí)遇到相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯腦中有一個(gè)基本概念。常見(jiàn)的比如生物化學(xué)類文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的carbohydrate(碳水化合物),動(dòng)物類文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的vertebrate(脊椎動(dòng)物)等。
"質(zhì)"的問(wèn)題--考場(chǎng)理解學(xué)術(shù)詞匯
當(dāng)我們?cè)诳紙?chǎng)上時(shí),對(duì)文章中不同學(xué)術(shù)詞匯的理解的層次,也就是"質(zhì)"是不同的。主要可以歸為兩類。
第一類是文章中沒(méi)有給出相關(guān)解釋或定義的。這類學(xué)術(shù)詞匯只需明白它們"是哪類事物"就可以。
例如:Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。
句中"common murres", "Atlantic puffins", "black-legged kittiwakes", 和 "northern gannets" 都是我們陌生的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯。對(duì)于它們,我們只需要從文章中讀出它們是一些鳥(niǎo)類就可以,然后利用首字母縮寫,分別可以用"C" "A" "BK" 和"N"來(lái)替代標(biāo)記,之后在做到相關(guān)題時(shí),比如:
According to the passage, which of the following birds conceal their nest?
(A) Bonaparte's gulls
(B) Atlantic puffins
(C) Kittiwake gulls
(D) Northern gannets
其中 B、C、D選項(xiàng)直接對(duì)應(yīng)"A"、 "BK" 和"N"即可。
第二類是文章中給出了相關(guān)解釋或定義的。這類學(xué)術(shù)詞匯我們不僅要知道它們"是哪類事物",還要對(duì)它們的文中定義引起充分重視。常見(jiàn)引出對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯定義或解釋的信號(hào)有:定義從句,同位語(yǔ)從句,插入語(yǔ),破折號(hào),括號(hào)等。
例如:
1. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice。
這篇文章主題是冰川,句中cementation(黏固)是一個(gè)地質(zhì)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ),后面的破折號(hào)之間的部分,即是對(duì)cementation的解釋定義。
2. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands)。
這一句中,Maria(月海)和Terrace(月陸)都是關(guān)于月球的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯,括號(hào)之中的部分在這里對(duì)二者進(jìn)行了解釋。在該文章的一個(gè)題目中,
All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:
(A) They have small craters。
(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers。
(C) They have a rough texture。
(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace。
選項(xiàng)D的即是對(duì)該句話括號(hào)中的學(xué)術(shù)名詞解釋部分進(jìn)行的一個(gè)考查。
正確的態(tài)度面對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯
學(xué)術(shù)詞匯固然有一些難度,但在平時(shí)練習(xí)和考場(chǎng)上對(duì)它們有一個(gè)正確的心態(tài)是很重要的。依然從托福閱讀考查本質(zhì)的角度出發(fā),它所模擬的是今后大學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。那么真正在學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中,在閱讀課本的過(guò)程中,肯定有很多術(shù)語(yǔ)是陌生的,沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)的,而學(xué)習(xí)正是把陌生知識(shí)變得熟悉的過(guò)程。正是通過(guò)對(duì)課本的閱讀學(xué)習(xí),才掌握了那些學(xué)術(shù)詞匯,才學(xué)到了知識(shí)。
同樣,做托福閱讀時(shí),不妨也把它當(dāng)做一個(gè)袖珍版的課本學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。一些重要的術(shù)語(yǔ)(學(xué)術(shù)詞匯)在課本(托福閱讀文章)中是會(huì)給出解釋定義的,而這些也是學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),要著重理解。與課本不同的是,真正的課本上,概念和定義都會(huì)有突出著重的字體或字號(hào)來(lái)表示,而在托福閱讀中,我們要善于在字體字號(hào)完全一樣的文章中提取出對(duì)重點(diǎn)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯的解釋定義。而一些次要的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯,理解的"質(zhì)"也不需要那么高。 只要把握住托福閱讀中學(xué)術(shù)詞匯的考察本質(zhì),平時(shí)適當(dāng)積累,掌握正確的應(yīng)對(duì)方法,再加上正確的面對(duì)心態(tài),相信大家都能夠攻克托福閱讀中五花八門的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯。
托福閱讀分類詞匯背誦
閱讀詞組精選
on the right track--well on one's way
whales on the beach n.不呆在該呆的位置上
be engrossed in/be absorbed in/in absession with/concentrate on 表全神貫注
urban crowding n.城市人口集中化
social stress n.社會(huì)壓力
pilot reclamation project n.試驗(yàn)性改造工程
be indulged in 沉迷于
分組詞匯精選
canal n.運(yùn)河
core n.地核
crater n火山口
crust n.地殼
cycle n.天體的循環(huán)
dam n.水壩
debris n.碎片,巖屑
deformation n.變形
diversity n.多樣性
edge n.邊緣,邊界
erosion n.腐蝕,侵蝕
eruption n.爆發(fā),火山灰
former n.形成者,模型
frontier n.邊界,新開(kāi)發(fā)的地帶
funnel n.漏斗
glacier n.冰川
interval n.時(shí)間間隔
lodge n.小屋
mantle n.地幔
margin n.(湖,池等的)邊緣
offshore adj.海面上的,遠(yuǎn)離岸的
orbit n.軌道
range n.山脈,多山的地區(qū)
mountain range
mountain chain
knot n.山脈的交結(jié)點(diǎn)
summit,top,crest,peak
n.山頂
ravine n.峽谷
canyon n.峽谷
gorge n.峽谷
crevice n.斷裂
precipice n.懸崖
cliff n.懸崖
receptacle n.接受器,容器,儲(chǔ)存器
remnant n.殘余物
ridge n.脊背
sediment n.沉淀物
slope n.斜坡
tectonics n.構(gòu)造學(xué)
topography n.地形學(xué),地貌學(xué)
tunnel n.隧道,地道
apply v.應(yīng)用
cluster v.叢生,群聚
collide v.碰撞
compact v.壓緊,固結(jié)
concentrate v.集中
conduct v.傳導(dǎo)
demolish v.破壞,粉碎
diffuse v.傳播,擴(kuò)散
dispose v.處理,處置
distribute v.散布,分布
drill v.鉆孔,鉆通
eliminate v.排除
erode v.侵蝕
evaporate v.蒸發(fā)
extract v.開(kāi)采,提煉
hem v.給...鑲邊,包圍
hypothesize v.假設(shè)
insulate v.隔離
melt v.融化
precipitate v.使蒸汽凝結(jié)而下降
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