老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE21
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老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 21
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.
On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later. A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches — as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose — either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.
The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed. Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans — originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers — attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.
1. What is the main idea of the passage ?
(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.
(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.
(C) Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.
(D) American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.
2. The word "motifs" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) tools
(B) prints
(C) signatures
(D) designs
3. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?
(A) European sculptors
(B) Carpenters
(C) Stone carves
(D) Cabinetmakers
4. The word "others" in line 6 refers to
(A) craftspeople
(B) decorations
(C) ornamentations
(D) shop signs
5. The word "distinct" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) separate
(B) assembled
(C) notable
(D) inferior
6. The word "rare" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) festive
(B) infrequent
(C) delightful
(D) unexpected
7. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?
(A) He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.
(B) He was well known for his wood carvings
(C) He produced sculpture for churches.
(D) He settled in the United States in 1776.
8. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?
(A) Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import
(B) Such sculpture was not available in the United States.
(C) Such sculpture was as prestigious as those made locally.
(D) The materials found abroad were superior.
9. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?
(A) It was less time-consuming
(B) It was more dangerous.
(C) It was more expensive.
(D) It was less refined.
正確答案： BDCAA BABD
托福閱讀猜詞的七大技巧
一、利用定義式線索進行猜測
定義是作者為了更好地表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或 詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對性，利用它們猜測詞義比較容易。例如:Kinetic energy is the energy of moving particles. Kinetic enegry 可能是生詞，由定義可知，表語是說明主語性質(zhì)內(nèi)容的。所以kinetic energy就是“運動粒子的能量”。再如Typhoons are cyclones，storms with strong winds rotating around a low-pressure center.如果cyclones是生詞，推斷該詞義的線索就是其后面的解釋“繞低氣壓中心形成的暴風雨”由此我們可知cyclones的意思是“繞低氣壓中心形成的暴風雨”。在這種解釋中定義句的謂語動詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
二、根據(jù)進一步闡述猜測詞義
雖然進一步闡述不如定義那樣嚴謹、詳細，但是提供的信息足以使我們猜出生詞的詞義。復述部分可以是適當?shù)脑~，短語或者句子。例如Experts in kinesics, in their study of body motion as related to speech ,hope to discover new methods of communications. 逗號中短語的意思是“對肢體語言進行研究的學科”。短語與前面生詞kinesics是同位關(guān)系，因此我們不難猜出kinesics指“肢體語言學”。在這種復述當中,構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號，冒號，分號，引號，和括號等。另外同位語前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, 等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。另外一種會以定語從句的形式出現(xiàn)如從句Obesity, which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 根據(jù)生詞obesity后面的非限制性定語從句which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 我們可以推斷出 obesity的含義，即“過度肥胖”。
三、根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義
恰當?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索，例如The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“戰(zhàn)爭”和“重大科學發(fā)現(xiàn)”是生詞的實例，通過它們我們可以猜出epochal的 大致詞義“重要的”。
四、根據(jù)上下文的語境關(guān)聯(lián)猜測詞義
例如Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, murder and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1985. 這句話中有許多生詞出現(xiàn)，但通過上文的crime和murder一詞，我們可以知道這些下劃線詞都是與犯罪有關(guān)的詞。在考試中，就不必費心去考慮它們的具體意思，知道大概類別即可。再如Goran Ivanisevic fears only one service in tennis -- Michael Stichs. His toss is always the same: the straight one or the topspin. Sampras has a good serve and Becker too, but Stichs is the toughest to read.在此例中，大多數(shù)詞用于網(wǎng)球運動中的一些專門詞匯，我們可以不必理會，而主要關(guān)注認識的那些詞。這樣能夠大概理解此句講的是網(wǎng)球選手Goran害怕某種service, 通過上下文大致可得知這是指網(wǎng)球運動中的一個動作(比如發(fā)球、扣球等)。其實，service就是“發(fā)球”的意思。從形容詞straight可知Stichs發(fā)球的特點，而且他是最難預測的一個。這樣一來就可以很好地把握文章內(nèi)容了。
五、根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義
在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。 例如：Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. Gregarious, 對許多人來說可能是個生詞，但是句中單詞unlike可以提示我們Gregarious和后面的詞unsociable person是對比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出意為Gregarious是“愛交際的”。
六、根據(jù)常識性線索猜測題義
這是指根據(jù)篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知識來猜測詞義。有時僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時，就需要運用生活經(jīng)驗和普通常識確定詞義。例如：The cat came quickly through the grass towards the birds ,when it was just a few from the feet from the victim, it gather its legs under itself and pounced.如果pounce 是生詞。推測該詞我們可以憑借我們的常識，我們知道當貓看到鳥時，通常它會先把爪子收起來，然后再突然向小鳥發(fā)起進攻。由此可以推斷pounce一詞的意思是“突然攻擊”。
再如It's really cold out tonight. My hands are practically numb. 根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗，天氣寒冷時，手肯定是numb “凍僵的，凍得麻木的”。
七、利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義
此法包括利用前、后綴及合成詞猜測詞義。
7.1前、后綴猜測詞義
英語中的前綴、后綴構(gòu)詞頗多，且特定的"綴"往往表示特定的含義，把握住這一點，可起到"以不變應萬變"的效果。例如He had been overworking and fell ill at last. overwork是由前綴over-加動詞構(gòu)成，over有"超過，過于"之意，overwork意思是"工作過多，勞累過度"。再如，overburden負擔過重，overcharge要價過高，overdo做得過分。英語中常用的前綴還有：mis-錯，誤：misfortune不幸;mislead誤導;mismanage處理不當mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate 低估;anti-反對：antibody抗體;anticyclone反氣旋;antifreeze防凍劑。還有一些后綴派生詞：例如1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty為名詞的標志); 2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize為及物動詞的標志，再如realize, modernize)。
7.2利用合成詞猜測詞義
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun. 根據(jù)短語構(gòu)成及上下文意思看，此處partakes in相當于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名詞"爆發(fā)")，set out-outset(名詞"起始")，come in-income(名詞“收入”)。
托福閱讀常見錯誤選項大匯總
一、編造事實
這類選項其內(nèi)容在原文中并沒有提到，也不能從原文中推斷出來，它們往往將原文中的信息和原文中沒有的信息糅合在一起來迷惑考生，或者通過改動文中的關(guān)鍵語句使選項與原文信息大相徑庭，形成陷阱。例如：
A. ccording to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings? (備考指導3-Architecture)
A. Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.
B. The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.
C. The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
D. Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.
這道題中的D選項就犯了編造事實的錯誤。原文中的相關(guān)信息是“In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.”，說的是早期的建筑材料種類少，只有木材、石頭和磚塊等，并沒有說數(shù)量上是否充足，因此D選項是錯誤的。
二、改變范圍
這類選項其內(nèi)容和原文內(nèi)容在范圍上是不一致的。它們往往將原文內(nèi)容的范圍隨意擴大或縮小，即以偏概全或者以一般代替?zhèn)€別，從而形成陷阱。例如：
8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPT(練習題1-The Origins of Theater)
A. Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.
B. Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.
C. Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.
D. Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.
這道題中D選項在原文中的相關(guān)信息是“The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.” 意思是：“所以，戲劇成為了一種幫助人們認識和理解這個世界，或是幫助人們逃避不滿現(xiàn)實的工具。”文中說的是“understand their world”，但D選項則把范圍縮小成了“understand the human mind”，因此這道題的答案就是D選項(注意這道題是一個“Except”題)。
三、偏離題意
這類選項往往是不符合題干的，也就是我們所說的“答非所問”。它們很有可能就是原文的內(nèi)容或者可以從原文中推斷出來，其本身是正確的，所以具有很大的干擾性。如果考生審題不認真，就很容易誤選。例如：
According to paragraph 6, what is the main disadvantage of the proposed plans to transport river water to the High Plains?(練習題3-Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer)
A. The rivers cannot supply sufficient water for the farmer’s needs.
B. Increased irrigation costs would make the products too expensive.
C. The costs of using capillary water for irrigation will increase.
D. Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.
根據(jù)題干中的 “disadvantage”和“transport river water”定位到原文中的“Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international mark.” 意思是：“不幸的是，通過以上任何一種方式(通過運河或管道輸送河水)獲得水資源都會將抽水的成本提高10倍以上，進而導致這一地區(qū)的灌溉農(nóng)產(chǎn)品成本在國內(nèi)和國際市場上失去競爭力?！笨梢娊鉀Q成本問題是從河流引水這樣的解決方案的關(guān)鍵所在，灌溉成本增加導致農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在國內(nèi)及國際市場上的競爭力下降。C選項提到了灌溉成本，但題干說的是引入河水的解決方案的缺陷，因此C選項是不正確的。
老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 21相關(guān)文章：
老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE21
