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托福閱讀原文

【1】For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.

【2】In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain’s most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.

【3】The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.

【4】Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.

托福閱讀試題

1.Why does the author provide the information that “Great Britain had large amounts of coal”(paragraph 1)?

A.To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century.

B.To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain.

C.To indicate that Britain’s energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel.

D.To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century.

2.What was “the problem of energy" that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?

A.Water and wind could not be used efficiently.

B.There was no efficient way to power machinery.

C.Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.

D.Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.

3.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watt’s steamengine?

A.The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain.

B.Increased mechanization.

C.More possibilities for mill location.

D.Smaller mills.

4.The phrase “apparent in” in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

A.clearly seen in.

B.aided by.

C.associated with.

D.followed by.

5.According to paragraph 2, what was Britain’s most important export by 1850?

A.Raw cotton.

B.Cotton cloth.

C.Steam-powered pumps.

D.Coal.

6.The word “consequent”(paragraph 2)in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.resulting.

B.encouraging.

C.well documented.

D.immediate.

7.What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?

A.It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.

B.It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.

C.It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.

D.It illustrates why historians have assigned great importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.

8.According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the ironindustry?

A.It helped make wood into charcoal.

B.It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.

C.It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.

D.It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.

9.According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the ironindustry in Great Britain during the 1800s EXCEPT

A.Steam-driven bellows were used to produce raw iron.

B.By the 1850s Britain was the world’s largest producer of iron.

C.Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.

D.Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.

10.The word “initiated”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.anticipated.

B.accelerated.

C.spread.

D.started.

11.Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation inrail transportation?

A.Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.

B.It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.

C.It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.

D.It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.

12.The phrase “accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.in need of.

B.used to.

C.tired of.

D.encouraged by.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.

Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turnhad further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■【A】However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■【B】As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■【C】Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■【D】Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed,many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britaindepended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.

A.For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.

B.The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.

C.An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.

D.By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.

E.Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.

F.By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.

托福閱讀答案

1.目的題，讀highlight所在句，說英國有煤，但沒法變成能量來運行機器，選項C同時說了由煤木有能量，是正確答案。A錯在不是reject，原文承認缺能量，A說反;B錯在原文沒講other energy resources怎么樣;D錯在coal mining變成重要行業(yè)沒講。

2.以the problem of energy做關鍵詞定位至第二句，但這句話沒有內(nèi)容，于是往后看，下一句講依靠動植物和人作為能量的來源，看完這句話最大的可能是選D，但原文沒說動植物和人的能源不夠，所以D不對。排除法，A說風和水能沒有有效利用，而原文第四句說越來越多的使用，所以A錯;C跟上一題相反，錯;B跟上一題相同，正確。

3.A的huge quantity of raw cotton定位至倒數(shù)第三句，說進口增加了230倍，正確，不選;B定位至第五句，說機械化越來越多，正確，不選;C的mill location定位至第四句，說mill不用在水邊了，也就是C說的更多可能的位置，正確，不選;也同樣在這句話里說大的mills，跟D說的相反，所以D錯，選。

4.apparent in明顯，所以正確答案是A的clearly seen in。詞根是pare，意思是可見，想想透明transparent和appear。代入，原文講轉(zhuǎn)向不斷增加的mechanization是什么樣的通過進口raw cotton，緊接著后面就用數(shù)字講進口cotton怎么怎么樣，說明很顯著。B幫忙和C相關明顯不通。前后兩句沒有明顯的先后關系，所以follow不通。

5.以most important export和1850做關鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第二句和倒數(shù)第三句，說raw cotton進口增加了230倍，cotton cloth變成了最重要的產(chǎn)品，占了出口的一半，所以正確答案是B的cotton cloth。注意A的raw cotton是進口的。

6.consequent結(jié)果的，所以正確答案是resulting。之前有講蒸汽機的成功result in了煤炭需求的增加，和consequent煤炭生產(chǎn)的增加，需求增加當然導致生產(chǎn)增加，所以正確答案是A，C和D完全不對，A和B相比A更好。

7.問整段的，看首尾。首句講1700年代瓦特發(fā)明了蒸汽機，隨著越來越便宜，應用越來越廣;尾句說steam engine的成功導致煤炭需求和生產(chǎn)的增加。MS沒有正確答案，可采用排除法，首先沒講除英國之外的其他國家，所以A和B都不對，C說一個行業(yè)不能引起工業(yè)革命，原文也沒講。D正確的原因是煤炭的應用解決了能源問題，正確，不記得的話看看第一段的末尾。

8.以coke做關鍵詞定位至第二句，講在制鐵的過程中，coke替代了charcoal，但沒講coke能干嘛，所以往下看，說impurity隨著coke的使用被燒掉了，也就是除雜質(zhì)，所以正確答案是C，B和D的machine沒講;A說把木頭變成charcoal，原文也沒說。

9.A的steam-driven bellows定位至第二句，正確，不選;B的1850s和Britain定位至第五句，說英國的產(chǎn)量等于其他國家產(chǎn)量之和，當然是最大生產(chǎn)國，所以B正確，不選;C的different shapes and sizes定位至第四句，正確，不選;D的price沒講，錯，選。

10.initiated開始，所以正確答案是D。代入，說steam engine的到來怎么了鐵路運輸?shù)膹氐赘淖?，能說得通的只有B和D。因為之前沒有說到變化，所以不是加速，開始了一種全新的變化更好些。

11.以transformation in rail transportation做關鍵詞定位至第四句和第五句，說隨著transportation改善，能到達更遠更大的國內(nèi)市場，導致更大的銷量和更大的工廠，所以正確答案是C。A的rural laborers，B的ocean shipping和D的wage原文都沒有有說。

12.accustomed to習慣，所以正確答案是B，used to意思完全一樣。不認識的同學看custom，風俗習慣，前面的ac前綴和后面的ed均沒有實際意義。代入，說鐵路建設提供的工作機會吸引了工人，這些工人是怎么樣季節(jié)性遷徙的，C厭倦和D鼓勵說不通。A需要和B習慣就要看詞匯量了。

13.此題名詞過渡不容易找，只能找到動詞improve，所以正確答案非B即C。B之后有as transportation improved，也就是給出improve之后的結(jié)果，應該是先有improve后有結(jié)果，所以正確答案是B。

14.For years選項與首段第二句相反，錯。The introduction選項對應最后一段，正確。An expansion選項中的outside Great Britain怎么樣原文沒講，錯。By 1850選項對應原文第二段和第三段，正確。Since the basic選項對應原文最后一段后半部分，正確。By the end選項中的工廠找不到工人跟上increasing sales沒說，錯。

托福閱讀譯文

【1】多年來，歷史學家試圖找到18世紀工業(yè)革命在工業(yè)、技術和經(jīng)濟領域興起的關鍵因素，許多人把能源問題放在突出位置。直到18世紀，人們依靠工廠、畜力以及人力來提供動力。高效地利用水能和風能有助于完成諸如抽泵、碾磨或航海等工作。然而，到了18世紀，尤其是大不列顛卻經(jīng)歷了能源短缺。木材，這一為家庭和工業(yè)供暖供能,同時也以加工木炭的形式被使用在鋼鐵工業(yè)中的主要能源，其供應量日益減少。大不列顛有大

量的煤礦;然而，還沒有產(chǎn)生機械能或為機器提供動力的有效方法。這一切隨著蒸汽機的改良而發(fā)生。

【2】在18世紀末期，詹姆斯?瓦特設計了一款高效且具商業(yè)利益的蒸汽機，由于其價格低廉，很快就被運用到各項工業(yè)生產(chǎn)之中。這款蒸汽機幫助解決了煤礦中地下水的排水問題并且提高了煤的產(chǎn)量，這些煤用來為別處的蒸汽機提供動力。與蒸汽機相連的旋轉(zhuǎn)式發(fā)動機帶動軸承轉(zhuǎn)動，從而驅(qū)動機器，運用蒸汽動力紡織棉布的紡織廠隨之出現(xiàn)。因為蒸汽機靠燃煤而驅(qū)動，一些大型棉紡織廠就不再像那些使用水力驅(qū)動機器的工廠一樣必須依河而建。這種棉紡織業(yè)日益機械化的轉(zhuǎn)變在棉花原料的進口和棉紡產(chǎn)品的銷售中得到突出的體現(xiàn)。在1760年到1850年間，原棉的進口量增長了230倍。英國棉紡產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)量增加了60倍，而棉布則成了英國最重要的產(chǎn)品，占出口總額的一半。蒸汽機的成功帶來了對煤需求量的增加，而且隨著蒸汽動力泵從位于地下水位下的更深的煤層中排出水來，隨之而來的煤產(chǎn)量的增加成為可能。

【3】蒸汽動力的可利用性以及對新機器的需求促進了鋼鐵工業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型。當蒸汽驅(qū)動風箱投入到生鐵生產(chǎn)中后，木炭這種用木材燒成因此供應量有限的物質(zhì)就被焦炭(煤加熱后殘留的物質(zhì))替代了。隨著焦炭的使用，生鐵中的雜質(zhì)被燃燒完，從而生產(chǎn)出更高質(zhì)量的精煉鐵。降低的成本也有助于那些能夠生產(chǎn)不同形狀和尺寸的成品鐵制品的蒸汽動力軋鋼廠的發(fā)展。因此導致的鋼鐵工業(yè)的繁榮使鋼鐵的年產(chǎn)量在1740年到1840年間增長了170多倍，到19世紀50年代，大不列顛生產(chǎn)的鋼鐵比世界其他地區(qū)生產(chǎn)的總和還要高。鋼鐵工業(yè)的發(fā)展從某種意義上說，是對更多機器的需求以及在其他工業(yè)中更廣泛使用高質(zhì)量鐵的一種回應。

【4】蒸汽動力和鋼鐵帶來了交通運輸?shù)母镄?，反過來也有著更加深遠的影響。道路設施以及航海的改善已經(jīng)初見成效，但是船運重型貨物到陸地的費用仍然很高，即使在可以使用河流和運河的地方。平行鐵軌長期以來被用于采礦作業(yè)來運輸大型貨物，但是馬匹仍然是主要的動力來源。然而，蒸汽機的到來引發(fā)了鐵路運輸?shù)膹氐鬃兏?，鞏固和擴大了工業(yè)革命的成果。隨著交通運輸?shù)母纳?，全國范圍?nèi)更遠更大的市場可以到達，因此鼓勵著大型工廠的生產(chǎn)與日益增長的銷售量保持同步。更大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)和日益增長的需求給企業(yè)家?guī)砹死麧櫍@種利潤可用于再投資新技術，進一步擴大產(chǎn)能或?qū)で笃渌耐顿Y機會。同時，鐵道建設方面的更多就業(yè)機會也吸引了那些習慣于季節(jié)性工作或者短工制的農(nóng)村勞動力。一旦工作完成，其中的很多人就會參與到其他的建筑工作中或是城鎮(zhèn)中的工廠工作中，并成為其中的不斷壯大的工人階級。

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