托福閱讀句子要點(diǎn)題的分析
托福閱讀考試部分中，句子要點(diǎn)題對(duì)于大家來說，也是要重點(diǎn)突破的話題。在實(shí)際的備考中，具體的這類題目的解題要點(diǎn)是什么?考生們應(yīng)該如何快速的掌握這些題型內(nèi)容呢?下面小編為大家整理了詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容，供大家參考!
托福閱讀句子要點(diǎn)題的分析
托福閱讀句子要點(diǎn)題，又稱托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題，是對(duì)長難句的簡(jiǎn)化篩出句子最精華的要點(diǎn)。
一般出題形式是在文章中高亮標(biāo)示出一個(gè)句子，要求考生選擇與原文基本信息最接近的選項(xiàng)，這類題目的提問方式一般為：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”
句子簡(jiǎn)化題的出題思路一般分為兩類：一是對(duì)長難句的化繁為簡(jiǎn)，即原句比較長，邏輯關(guān)系復(fù)雜，選項(xiàng)只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位語、例子)等;二是對(duì)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句子的同義改寫，即原句難度不大，邏輯關(guān)系簡(jiǎn)單，選項(xiàng)是原句的同義改寫。
從做題方法上來說，對(duì)于第二種出題思路的題目，考生應(yīng)該采用通讀的辦法，在理解原句意思的基礎(chǔ)上再答題。
而針對(duì)第一種出題思路的題目，考生一般把握住原句的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)就可以見微知著，找到_句子簡(jiǎn)化題的良方。
對(duì)于句子簡(jiǎn)化題，有一些題目如果句子不長，我們做題的基本原則就是：同義替換。
找到原句中的關(guān)鍵詞在選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中進(jìn)行同義替換。如：
In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先來看題干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
該題要求從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)能夠表達(dá)原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。
很多同學(xué)采用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然后逐個(gè)翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這種做法不僅浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且對(duì)我們讀句子的能力要求極高。
更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。
這是考題當(dāng)中為數(shù)不多的原句比較簡(jiǎn)單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在于強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C 項(xiàng)當(dāng)中的distinguished。但是大多數(shù)題目的原文不會(huì)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，多數(shù)是帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句。那么簡(jiǎn)單的同義替換技巧就無法操作了。
其實(shí)，我們?cè)谧x原句的時(shí)候并不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過快速瀏覽，只需要關(guān)注兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：
一是原句當(dāng)中的表示程度，頻率的詞;
二是原句當(dāng)中的邏輯關(guān)系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關(guān)注的信息點(diǎn)抓住即可，這樣便節(jié)省了大量的時(shí)間。
最后我們來回顧一下ETS對(duì)句子簡(jiǎn)化題的出題要求，簡(jiǎn)單來說，托福閱讀句子要點(diǎn)題的關(guān)鍵就在于找到原文考查句子和選項(xiàng)各自的關(guān)鍵信息再進(jìn)行比對(duì)。
一般來說題目中干擾選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：
一是從根本上改變了原句意思;
二是漏掉了原句中包含的重要信息。
托福閱讀模擬題的練習(xí)
Hormones in the Body
Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.
Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.
As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.
Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.
In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.
Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.
27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) desire
(B) origin
(C) science
(D) chemical
28. The word it in the passage refers to
(A) secretin
(B) small intestine
(C) bloodstream
(D) pancreas
29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) remembered
(B) surprised
(C) invented
(D) motivated
30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must
(A) be part of the digestive process
(B) influence the operations of the nervous system
(C) affect processes in a different part of the body
(D) regulate attitudes and behavior
31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to
(A) whether scientists understand their function
(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body
(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process
(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]
32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) misunderstood
(B) precise
(C) significant
(D) simple
33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) sudden
(B) small
(C) changing
(D) noticeable
34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.
(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.
(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.
(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.
35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) decreased
(B) advertised
(C) prescribed
(D) researched
36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?
(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal
(B) Adults with strong digestive systems
(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment
(D) Children who may remain abnormally small
37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?
These sentences are highlighted in the passage.
(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.
(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.
(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.
(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.
38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.
Answer Choices
The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.
Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.
Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.
Answer Keys
Reading：
27. B
28. A
29. D
30. C
31. D
32. C
33. B
34. D
35. A
36. D
37. A
38. third square
39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….
2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..
3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….
托福閱讀文章要怎么做
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。
很多人在看到這句話的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常翻譯為"沙漠化是源于"或者翻譯為"沙漠化導(dǎo)致""很多的土地與很多的人去影響的原因。 "這里面有兩個(gè)點(diǎn)特別容易犯錯(cuò)誤，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是單純的導(dǎo)致的意思。二是affected在這里其實(shí)是后置定語，因此這里的意思是"被影響"，這里很多人又疑惑了，因?yàn)槲覀?以前看到的東西都是，人的因素導(dǎo)致沙漠化啊，怎么又會(huì)是被影響呢?這就是你的問題了，你被自己以前獲得的信息給影響了，你只要知道文章的作者是這么認(rèn)為的 就可以了，何必把自己腦中的信息強(qiáng)加在本文作者身上呢?
這句話其實(shí)是一個(gè)很淺顯的例子，舉這個(gè)例子，其實(shí)就是想告訴很多考生很多時(shí)候，只是認(rèn)為自己已經(jīng)把文章讀懂了，但是實(shí)際上對(duì)于文章的理解上有無 數(shù)的錯(cuò)誤，這其實(shí)就是語言的細(xì)節(jié)!這些細(xì)節(jié)點(diǎn)要想解決靠的是什么?靠的是單詞的積累，靠的是語法的一步一步的打磨。
新托福閱讀中如果你經(jīng)常有看得懂文章，但不對(duì)題的感嘆出現(xiàn)，考生們最好還是從自身下手，去檢查自己的單詞，以及語法，如果覺得不知道從哪里下手，到底該怎么提升，建議你做做老托福的語法，而且要多分析錯(cuò)題;并且多找一些文章多翻譯一下，然后按照里面給出的譯文去檢查一下自己到底哪里理解 錯(cuò)了.
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托福閱讀句子要點(diǎn)題的分析
