托福閱讀的必備技巧：精讀與泛讀
為了幫助大家高效備考托福，學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x的必備技巧：精讀與泛讀，希望對大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦!
托福閱讀的必備技巧：精讀與泛讀
單詞：想要做好托福閱讀，背托福單詞是最基礎(chǔ)的。這個就是需要學(xué)員自己完成任務(wù)。但是尤為重要的一點是，托福考試中，對單詞的考查不僅僅是背過單詞含義就可以，更重要的是要學(xué)會應(yīng)用，學(xué)會在文章中理解使用單詞。
句子：同中文的一句一句短小的句子不同，英文中的句子多是長句，有時候一個句子就是一段。而且英文的句子多是主從復(fù)合句，以中式的思維邏輯來學(xué)習(xí)會很不習(xí)慣，不能適應(yīng)句子的語序。這就需要托?？忌谄綍r的訓(xùn)練中多讀多看，擴(kuò)大泛讀。
段落：托福閱讀的文章大多都是學(xué)術(shù)性比較強(qiáng)的文章，在學(xué)習(xí)中，會應(yīng)用到TS+D和TS+D的變形方式的做題方法。具體TS+D是什么，應(yīng)該怎么用，在這里，姜老師給我們留了一個懸念，“關(guān)于TS+D會在托福強(qiáng)化班的課程中講到，想要知道怎么用來上強(qiáng)化班就知道啦?！?/p>
篇章：像托福的題型之一--小結(jié)題，就會用到對全篇的把握和理解。掌握對于全文的思維路線做這類題就會比較容易了。對于全文的拐角，轉(zhuǎn)彎處把握好了，全文的意思也就差不多了。做題的時候還有注意對細(xì)節(jié)的把握。
有的學(xué)生會覺得托福閱讀的題量很大，時間不夠用，做不完題?！捌鋵嵾@是因為學(xué)生在做題的時候沒有做到詳略得當(dāng)。把握好精讀和泛讀的區(qū)別，找準(zhǔn)需要精讀的地方，做起題來會又快又準(zhǔn)。”
托福閱讀材料：Groundwater
Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sedimentladen river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.
So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.
Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.
The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them. Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.
The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground,filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?
○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
2. The word “ incredible ” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Confusing
○Comforting
○Unbelievable
○Interesting
Paragraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
3. The word “out of sight” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Far away
○Hidden
○Partly visible
○Discovered
4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?
○Inside pieces of sand and gravel
○On top of beds of rock
○In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil
○In spaces between pieces of sediment
5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to
○Fast rivers
○Glaciers
○The huge volumes of water created by glacial melting
○The particles carried in water from melting glaciers.
Paragraph 3: The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT
○A mountain valley
○Flat land
○A lake floor
○The seafloor
Paragraph 4: In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.
7. The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Cover
○Change
○Separate
○Surround
Paragraph 5: So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.
8. The phrase “so much for” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○That is enough about
○Now let us turn to
○Of greater concern are
○This is related to
9. The word “plugged” in the passage is closet in meaning to
○Washed
○Dragged
○Filled up
○Soaked through
Paragraph 6: Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.
Paragraph 7: The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
○It is unusually solid
○It often has high porosity.
○It has a low proportion of empty space.
○It is highly permeable.
11. What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?
○To explain why water can flow through rock
○To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rock
○To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeable
○To distinguish between two related properties of rock
Paragraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.
○Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.
○Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.
○If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.
Paragraph 8: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█ But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.█ It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█ The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.█
13. Look at the four squares [ █ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.
○Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.
○The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.
○Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.
○Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.
○B(yǎng)eds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.
參考答案
1. ○ 3
2. ○ 3
3. ○ 2
4. ○ 4
5. ○ 4
6. ○ 1
7. ○ 1
8. ○ 1
9. ○ 3
10. ○ 2
11. ○ 4
12. ○ 1
13. ○ 4
14. ○1 2 3
托福閱讀材料：為何失戀后很難再愛
失戀是每個人都不愿意接受的事實，如果失戀后能很快投入下一段感情或許能讓人迅速恢復(fù)。但這似乎并非易事。
It may be better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all, but why is it so hard to find again? It may be that our brains are fixated on our former lovers, according to scientists.
或許曾經(jīng)擁有總好過從未愛過，但為什么許多人在失戀后卻很難再愛一次?科學(xué)家最新的研究結(jié)果表明，這可能是人的大腦被一種叫做多巴胺的“癡情毒藥”鎖定在舊情人的身上。
Researchers at Florida State University examined the nature of love by studying the brains and behaviour of male prairie voles, picked for their habit of lifelong monogamy and aggression towards other females once they have found a mate.
據(jù)《衛(wèi)報 》12月6日報道，美國佛羅里達(dá)州大學(xué)的研究人員通過研究雄性田鼠的大腦和行為來探索人類愛情的本質(zhì)。和人一樣，田鼠屬于終生單配偶動物(即一夫一妻制)，且一旦有了配偶后就本能地對其它異性產(chǎn)生排斥。
The scientists found that males became devoted to females only after they had mated. The bond coincided with a huge release of the feelgood chemical dopamine inside their brains.
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，雄性田鼠有了配偶后就會專注于對方，而有了配偶的田鼠開始大量分泌一種叫做多巴胺的化學(xué)物質(zhì)(人腦也會分泌該物質(zhì))。負(fù)責(zé)此項研究的布蘭登·阿拉戈納博士證實，多巴胺就是讓雄性田鼠癡情的“毒藥”。
Brandon Aragona, who led the study, demonstrated that dopamine was the voles' love drug by injecting the chemical into the brains of males who had not yet had sex with female companions. Immediately, they lost interest in other females and spent all of their time with their chosen one. Further experiments showed that dopamine restructured a part of the vole's brain called the nucleus accumbens, a region that many animals have, including humans. The change was so drastic that when paired-up males were introduced to new females, although their brains still produced dopamine on sight, the chemical was channelled into a different neural circuit that made them go cold towards the new female.
當(dāng)尚未與雌鼠發(fā)生性關(guān)系的雄鼠的大腦被注入多巴胺后，這些雄鼠很快就失去了對其它異性的興趣，而只是專注于自己心儀的雌鼠上。進(jìn)一步實驗表明，多巴胺改變了田鼠大腦中核團(tuán)區(qū)域(大腦核團(tuán)區(qū)域的功能是維持情緒和目的性行為，人也有)的結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)已有配偶的雄鼠被介紹給新的雌鼠時，盡管此時雄鼠的腦中還在繼續(xù)分泌多巴胺，但多巴胺會被導(dǎo)入另一個完全不同的神經(jīng)中樞系統(tǒng)，使得雄鼠對新的雌鼠毫無興趣。
"It seems that the first time they get together and the bond forms, it locks them into that monogamous behaviour ... You can take a female away from a male once he's formed a bond with her and two weeks later put him with a different female and he won't be remotely interested," said Dr Aragona, whose study appears in the journal Nature Neuroscience.
阿拉戈納博士指出：“研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，雄鼠與雌鼠一旦結(jié)合在一起，它們就成為了單配偶動物。若將雄鼠與配偶分開，兩周后再讓它與新的雌鼠接觸，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)它對新的對象根本提不起興趣?！?/p>
The researchers said that while the love lives of voles differ from those of humans, the same brain structures work in much the same ways across different species. "Things are always going to be more complicated in humans because we have larger brains and are under different pressures, but the basic mechanisms are there", said Dr Aragona.
研究人員指出，盡管人的情感與田鼠的還有很大差別，但在不同的物種之間，相同的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)也會有相似的運作方式。阿拉戈納博士說：“人類的情感會更加復(fù)雜，因為人腦體積更大且所處的環(huán)境也更復(fù)雜，但人腦與田鼠大腦基本的運作方式是相同的?！?/p>
Notes:
dopamine:多巴胺
the nucleus accumbens：大腦中的阿肯柏氏核
托福閱讀的必備技巧：精讀與泛讀相關(guān)文章：
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托福閱讀的必備技巧：精讀與泛讀
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