2020年托福閱讀考試預(yù)測(cè)
托福預(yù)測(cè)是很多同學(xué)在考前必看的，這樣既可以看看自己的水平怎么樣，而且，說(shuō)不定真的可以幫上忙，那么下面就和學(xué)習(xí)啦來(lái)看看2020年托福閱讀考試預(yù)測(cè)。
2020年托福閱讀考試預(yù)測(cè)
Models of Egg Development
Several different theories have been put forward to explain how the hard-shelled eggs of land-dwelling reptiles (e.g. lizards) evolved from the soft eggs that amphibians (e.g. frogs and toads) lay in water. The Romer model of egg development is named after the late Alfred Romer， a paleontologist who also became director of the Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology. His specialty was early reptiles because， he felt， they were the key to understanding the great reptile diversification seen in the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras (around 230 million years ago). Romer's hypothesis was that some aquatic amphibians that is， amphibians living in water called anthracosaurs began to lay their eggs on land at about the time that they were evolving reptile-like skeletal features. Indeed， some of these early amphibians and earliest reptiles are so similar in their skeletons that the exact transition point from one to the other is still difficult to determine. Eventually， though， the transition was made， but these early reptiles remained aquatic. The advantage for laying eggs on land was primarily to avoid the aquatic larval (pre- adult) stage during which immature amphibians live exclusively in water with its inherent risk of predators and drying of ponds. However， the land has its own set of dangers， not least of which is the drying effect of the atmosphere. To cope with these problems， a series of protective membranes developed around the egg， including a hard shell. Only later did the reptiles completely abandon an aquatic lifestyle.
Another hypothesis was proposed by German paleontologist Rolf Kohring， whose specialty is fossil eggs.
In Kohring's model， amphibians during the Mississippian epoch (360-320 million years ago) spread into nutrient-poor or cooler water. Because of the harsher conditions， eggs were produced with larger yolks， that is， more nutrients for the embryo. With larger yolks， the eggs were bigger， and fewer of them could be produced by the female hundreds rather than thousands. ■ To keep the larger egg intact， one or more membranes were developed， including one that surrounded and protected the egg. ■ This outer membrane provided a place to safely store calcium ions， which are poisonous. ■ Accumulating the calcium in a hard shell then made it possible for the egg to be laid on land (it was pre-adapted to be laid there.) ■
One other model we should consider is the anti-predator hypothesis proposed by Gary and Mary Packard to explain the evolution of the hard-shelled egg. Their model was not concerned with the development of membranes surrounding the egg but continues the story after these membranes appeared. The Packards assume that the earliest reptiles laid leathery shelled eggs on very wet ground where they could absorb water during the embryos' growth. But life on the ground is not without hazards， based on studies of modern reptiles with leathery shelled eggs. Predatory insects and microbes can be a major cause of egg mortality. To counter this loss of eggs， some of the early reptiles began secreting a thin calcareous (containing calcium carbonate) layer. This hard layer gave the embryos a better chance of surviving until hatching. And these survivors in turn would probably leave more progeny once a few of them reached reproductive age. In time， a thicker， more resistant shell developed. However， a thicker eggshell meant that less water could be absorbed for the needs of the embryo. To compensate， larger eggs were produced， containing a great deal more albumen (egg white， a water-soluble protein). At this point， the rigid eggshell had reached the bird egg level of complexity.
Mary Packard presented yet another model with her colleague Roger Seymour. They note that amphibian eggs can never get very large because the gelatin coat surrounding the developing larva is not very good at transmitting oxygen. Because of this restriction， we will never see frog eggs the size of a chicken's. For Packard and Seymour， the major evolutionary breakthrough in reptile eggs was the elimination of the thick gelatin coat and replacing part of it with a fibrous membrane. This change allowed larger eggs to be developed.
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage. Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. During the period that early amphibians changed into reptiles， their skeletons were exactly the same.
B. It is difficult to identify the time that early amphibians changed to reptiles because their skeletons look so much alike.
C. The skeletons of some early amphibians and reptiles are so similar that it is difficult to say which are amphibians and which are reptiles.
D. Early amphibians and reptiles had the same kind of skeleton at the same point in time.
2. The word “exclusively” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. only
B. initially
C. primarily
D. temporarily
3. According to paragraph 1， aquatic amphibians laid their eggs on land in order to
A. enable young amphibians to benefit from a dry atmosphere
B. ensure the rapid development of a hard shell
C. enable young amphibians to evolve features necessary for living on land
D. protect young amphibians from the dangers associated with life in the water
4. The word “Accumulating” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. Forcing
B. Collecting
C. Distributing
D. Isolating
5. In paragraph 2， why does the author mention the information about calcium ions
A. To explain Koherig's theory that amphibian eggs developed at least two protective outer membranes
B. To explain that the calcium in a hard shell is not poisonous when the egg is laid on land
C. To explain why， according to Kohring， a hard shell evolved
D. To explain why only the outer membrane stored calcium
6. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the relationship between eggs and water
temperature
A. Eggs needed adaptations to survive in cold water.
B. Eggs needed warm water to survive.
C. Smaller eggs were produced in cold water.
D. Fewer eggs were produced in warm water.
7. According to paragraph 2， all of the following are true of the eggs of amphibians during the Mississippian epoch EXCEPT：
A. They had hard shells made from calcium ions.
B. They had larger yolks than previously.
C. They had protective membranes.
D. They were produced in larger quantities than previously.
8. The word “counter” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. escape
B. stop
C. combat
D. delay
9. According to paragraph 3， early reptiles began to develop a thin calcareous layer around the egg so that
A. the embryo could survive attacks from predatory insects and microbes
B. the embryo could absorb sufficient water during its growth
C. the surviving embryo could reach reproductive age
D. the egg could be laid on land
10. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 3 as a disadvantage of the hard eggshell
A. It increased the hatching period.
B. It prevented the development of large-size eggs.
C. It made it more difficult for the embryo to obtain water.
D. It made it harder for the embryo to survive until hatching.
11. The word “breakthrough” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. effect
B. development
C. requirement
D. goal
12. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the fibrous membrane
A. It served the same function as the gelatin coat.
B. It was larger than the gelatin coat.
C. It allowed amphibians to produce eggs as large as those of reptiles.
D. It allowed for better transmission of oxygen.
13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
And the relatively few that were produced had to be properly protected.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
14. Directions： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Answer Choices
A. Alfred Romer's hypothesis was that early amphibians started evolving reptilian skeletal features long before they started laying eggs on land.
B. Alfred Romer theorized that early reptiles developed protective membranes around the egg in response to the dangers to young amphibians in water and threats to the egg on land.
C. In Rolf Kohring's view， early reptiles developed protective membranes around the large eggs that were produced in harsh water conditions， making it possible for the egg to be laid on land.
D. Gary and Mary Packard claimed that reptiles developed the hard-shelled egg in order to reduce the rate at which eggs were destroyed by predatory insects and microbes.
E. Rolf Kohring argued that egg development was poor during the Mississippian epoch due to nutrient-poor waters.
F. According to Mary Packard and Roger Seymour， reptiles could not successively develop very large eggs because of the elimination of the gelatin coat.
參考答案
Q1B Q2A Q3D Q4B Q5C Q6A Q7D Q8C Q9A Q10C
Q11B Q12D Q13A Q14 BCD
托福閱讀備考的8個(gè)建議
1、一定要擴(kuò)大詞匯量。詞匯是做一切英語(yǔ)閱讀的基礎(chǔ)，就如同造房子如果說(shuō)句型結(jié)構(gòu)是房梁，那么詞匯就是蓋房子的磚塊。特別是對(duì)于托福這樣的考試，很多參與IBT考試的同學(xué)也是有出國(guó)讀書(shū)的打算的因此多了解詞匯對(duì)學(xué)生日后出國(guó)盡快適應(yīng)國(guó)外大學(xué)的課文和學(xué)科內(nèi)容也是有好處的。很多同學(xué)覺(jué)得托福閱讀有難度，細(xì)細(xì)了解一下其實(shí)也就是有一連串的單詞不懂，因此影響了對(duì)整篇文章的理解。
2、個(gè)人并不贊成題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)，考好IBT需要用心準(zhǔn)備但不能僅僅是做大量閱讀。而是在于做完每篇文章后自己究竟得到了什么?這很重要。但考生無(wú)須擔(dān)心，因?yàn)槟暇┬聳|方IBT老師會(huì)為學(xué)員做針對(duì)性的總結(jié)，把每次考試積累下來(lái)的讀題和答題經(jīng)驗(yàn)傳授給大家，讓大家在閱讀的道路上提高速度，少走彎路。
給托福學(xué)員的考試TIPS：
1.考試采取早簽早考原則，所以對(duì)于害怕聽(tīng)力部分受到別人影響的同學(xué)盡量早到考場(chǎng)排隊(duì)，早點(diǎn)開(kāi)考。不過(guò)如果過(guò)早的話，就很難在廁所偷聽(tīng)口語(yǔ)題了。
2.一進(jìn)考場(chǎng)在閱讀之前就要調(diào)試話筒。捕獲晚來(lái)的同學(xué)在其他同學(xué)開(kāi)考閱讀的時(shí)候調(diào)試話筒，會(huì)有些影響，一定要集中注意力;
3.每個(gè)人開(kāi)始的時(shí)間不一樣，所以具體休息的時(shí)間不一樣，具體休息時(shí)間是在聽(tīng)力結(jié)束以后。
4.休息的時(shí)候就要纏住監(jiān)考老師，因?yàn)樯蠋瓌t上要求一個(gè)人回來(lái)，下一個(gè)人才能去，所以纏住老師為了讓他會(huì)記住你，這樣就會(huì)讓你先出去，否則要等很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間;
5.雖然每個(gè)人開(kāi)始的時(shí)間不一樣，但是各部分可以答題的時(shí)間是固定的，不要跨去做題，順序是閱讀、聽(tīng)力、口語(yǔ)、作文;
6.寫(xiě)完作文之后問(wèn)你是否提交本次成績(jī)，不要點(diǎn)錯(cuò)，否則就白考了。
7.中間根本沒(méi)有時(shí)間吃東西，考試之前要吃飽?？枷聛?lái)很累，接近虛脫狀態(tài)。
8.很多同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)北美或者其他地區(qū)的已經(jīng)考過(guò)的IBT考題在大陸地區(qū)有重復(fù)，甚至有位同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)10月6號(hào)新加坡的新托?？荚嚭?0月8號(hào)大陸地區(qū)一模一樣。我們姑且保守的猜測(cè)ETS在全球的考試時(shí)間排的時(shí)很滿的，但是分配到每個(gè)國(guó)家，時(shí)間就分散了。所以請(qǐng)大家要注意觀察機(jī)經(jīng)，可能為我們的成功再增添一份籌碼。
托福閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)解密
1. 托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：
在托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章中，一般需要具備三個(gè)組成部分：
(1)Topic 話題：即文章的主角是什么。比如講解某個(gè)科學(xué)理論、研究某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，探討某個(gè)歷史事件;
在托福文章中，這種導(dǎo)入性信息往往出現(xiàn)在篇首位置?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)篇首段信息對(duì)整篇文章所要討論的核心內(nèi)容有所了解;
(2)Aspects 方面：即將篇首的話題延伸拓展為若干個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述說(shuō)明。若話題為某個(gè)科學(xué)論點(diǎn)，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)支持論據(jù);若話題為某種自然現(xiàn)象，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)內(nèi)外成因;若話題為某個(gè)歷史事件，則方面為幾段發(fā)展時(shí)期;
在托福文章中，往往依照各個(gè)方面之間的層次關(guān)系，將各個(gè)方面拆分為若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的自然段落，共同組成行文主體;
(3)Attitude態(tài)度：即文章的作者對(duì)于所討論話題持怎樣的態(tài)度?；蚴欠e極肯定，或是消極否定，或是保持中立。
在托福文章中，態(tài)度往往是被較多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。
Topic話題 + Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度，這三要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)篇首段落信息來(lái)把控整個(gè)文章話題及大致討論方向，再抓住文章的各個(gè)段落主旨，便可洞悉整個(gè)文章脈絡(luò)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. 托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)
托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的自然段落，一般需要具備兩個(gè)組成部分：
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表達(dá)段落的主旨，即本段想要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容是什么;
(2) Detail 細(xì)節(jié)：為了詳細(xì)說(shuō)明段落中心含義，所羅列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容，即本段通過(guò)哪些例證來(lái)闡明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail細(xì)節(jié)，這兩個(gè)要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章段落大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)段落主旨句就可以把握該段的中心含義。
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2020年托福閱讀考試預(yù)測(cè)
