托福閱讀輔導(dǎo):老托福閱讀真題及答案PASSAGE1
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老托福閱讀原文 PASSAGE 1
By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
老托福閱讀題目 PASSAGE 1
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of ice on the diet
(B) The development of refrigeration
(C) The transportation of goods to market
(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century
2. According to the passage , when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States?
(A) in 1803
(B) sometime before 1850
(C) during the civil war
(D) near the end of the nineteenth century
3. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) progressive
(B) popular
(C) thrifty
(D) well-established
4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because
(A) many fish dealers also sold ice
(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars
(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice
(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox
5. The word "it" in line 5 refers to
(A) fresh meat
(B) the Civil War
(C) ice
(D) a refrigerator
6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?
(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars
(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice
(C) The use of insufficient insulation
(D) Inadequate understanding of physics
7. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) growing
(B) undeveloped
(C) necessary
(D) uninteresting
8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would
(A) completely prevent ice from melting
(B) stop air from circulating
(C) allow ice to melt slowly
(D) use blankets to conserve ice
9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) to indicate that
(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm
(B) Moore was an honest merchant
(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer
(D) Moore's design was fairly successful
10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to
(A) charge more for his butter
(B) travel to market at night
(C) manufacture butter more quickly
(D) produce ice all year round
11. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include
(A) iceboxes
(B) butter
(C) ice
(D) markets
老托福閱讀答案 PASSAGE 1
BBACC DBCDA B
TOEFL閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題解題口訣
一、問法多采取下列模式
1. According to the passage……，……?”
2. It is stated in paragraph X
3. It is indicated in paragraph X
4. It is mentioned in paragraph X
二、文章如何處理--請(qǐng)記住下列口訣
通讀原文不可取,
帶著問題看原文
四種句子仔細(xì)讀
比較句,強(qiáng)調(diào)句
段首段尾轉(zhuǎn)折句
重準(zhǔn)確,輕速度
平時(shí)做題不猜題
下次連載我將把這種閱讀方法進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)講解,本次重點(diǎn)講細(xì)節(jié)題
三、不用通讀全文，只要看到細(xì)節(jié)部分，不要看全文推理 ?？苫卦亩ㄎ徽业?---找相近，找相似
回原文定位關(guān)健詞定位法：
a、題目本身帶有大寫或斜體
b、題目本身帶有年代或與年代有關(guān)
c、回原文定位要使用純名詞
d、出題順序多半和行文順序相同
e. 選項(xiàng)本身提示的共同信息,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)擁有相同的部分,就本題在問的部分
四、舉例說明
例如：Crescent-shaped lake Baikal,in Siberia,is only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles(620km)in length and 46miles (74km) in width, yet it is easily the largest body of fresh water in the world.(新月般的貝加爾湖位于西伯利亞,是第九大的湖,長(zhǎng)385英里,寬46英里,然而它是世界上最大的淡水湖).It holds one –fifth of the world’s total freshwater, which is more than the total of all the water in five Great lakes;(它擁有世界上五分之一的淡水,比五大湖全部的水還多很多); it holds so much fresh water in spite of its less-than-impressive area because it is by far the world’s deepest lake.(盡管面積不大但淡水很多因?yàn)樗鞘澜缟掀駷橹棺钌畹暮?The average depth of the lake is 1312 feet (400meters)below sea leave and The Olkhon Crevice, the lowest known point ,is more than 5250 feet (1600 meters)deep. (貝加爾湖平均深度是低于海平面1312英尺(400 meters),并且最低點(diǎn) Olkhon大裂谷 5250英尺(1600米)深.
Lake Baikal, which today is located near the center of Asian Peninsula, is most likely the world’s oldest lake. (貝加爾湖位于亞洲次大陸中心,可能是世界上最古老的湖).It began forming 25 million years ago as Asia started splitting apart in a series of great faults. (它形成于25億年前,亞洲板塊從一系列斷層分離出來(即原始大陸板塊中各各板塊分離時(shí)期)The Baikal Valley dropped away, eventually filling with water and creating the deepest of the world’s lakes.( 貝加爾湖谷下陷裂開,最終填滿了水創(chuàng)造了世界上最深的湖)
1. what is stated in paragraph 1 about the shape of lake Baikal?
A It is wider than it is long
B It is circular in shape
C Iits width is one-half of its length
D It is shaped like a new moon
從題目本身的問法看是一道細(xì)節(jié)題
細(xì)節(jié)題的解題步驟
1) 尋找關(guān)鍵詞,關(guān)鍵詞定位法,本題的關(guān)鍵詞是shape
2) 文章出題順序和行文順序是一致的
本題是第一題按著順序找第一次出現(xiàn)的地方.
所以本題正確答案應(yīng)該是D
2 It is indicated in paragraph 1 that the area of Lake Baikal
A is less than the area of eight other lakes
B is one –ninth the area of Siberia
C is greater than the area of any other freshwater lake
D is equal to the area of the five Great lakes
本題的關(guān)鍵詞是 area 面積
回原文定位: only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles(620km)in length and 46miles (74km) in width(第九大的湖,長(zhǎng)385英里,寬46英里)所以本題答案為A
3 According to paragraph 1, lake Baikal __
A. holds one –fifth of the world’s water
B. holds five times the water of the Great lakes
C. holds one-ninth of the world’s water
D. holds 20 percent of the world’s fresh water
本題很特別,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)題目本身沒有任何可以做為關(guān)鍵詞的因?yàn)槿亩荚谥v這個(gè)湖,但沒關(guān)系看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)他們的共同傳達(dá)信息就是本題要問的信息.你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)擁有相同的holds water.所以本題問的是貝加爾湖谷擁有水量,所以本題定位為It holds one –fifth of the world’s total freshwater, which is more than the total of all the water in five Great lakes;( 它擁有世界上五分之一的淡水,比五大湖全部的水還多很多)所以正確答案是D。麗麗英語每期都會(huì)做連載，敬請(qǐng)關(guān)注。
4 According to paragraph 1, the olkhon crevice is ____
A outside of Lake Baikal
B 400 meters below sea level
C the deepest part of Lake Baikal
D 5000 meters deep
本題定位關(guān)鍵詞為olkhon crevice所以定位于原文:The Olkhon Crevice, the lowest known point ,is more than 5250 feet (1600 meters)deep 最低點(diǎn) Olkhon大裂谷 5250英尺(1600米)深. 正確答案為 C.
5 It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that Lake Baikal__
A is not as old as some other lakes
B formed when sections of the Earth were moving away from each other.
C was fully formed 25 million years ago
D is today located on the edge of the Asia peninsula
本題是本文的最后一個(gè)題目而且寫明了是paragraph 2,所以正確答案為B定位于原文.It began forming 25 million years ago as Asia started splitting apart in a series of great faults
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托福閱讀輔導(dǎo):老托福閱讀真題及答案PASSAGE1
