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新托福閱讀加試: 瑪雅文明的衰落

托福閱讀考試日期：

2017年11月25日

新托福閱讀題目回憶：

大致內(nèi)容

歷史： 瑪雅文明的衰落，瑪雅文明之前很發(fā)達，梯田灌溉很集中導(dǎo)致很脆弱，瑪雅不是短期內(nèi)滅亡的而是長時間滅亡的，有段時間很干旱。

題目難度分析

加試 簡單

托福技巧：托福閱讀否定排除題答題步驟及方法

否定排除題(Negative Factual Information Questions)是新托福每次必考題型，每次題量不是很多，通常每篇文章0-2個左右。

問題形式

這種題型要求考生們根據(jù)文章明確陳述的信息，確定哪些信息是真實的，哪些信息是不真實的或者是原文所沒有提及的。

這種題目的提問方式通常為：

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?

The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT

等等(題目中要么出現(xiàn)大寫的NOT，要么出現(xiàn)大寫的EXCEPT)

解題步驟

1. 看題目，判斷題型

2. 讀選項，劃關(guān)鍵詞(提高速度，先不直接回原文定位)

3. 讀題干，帶著關(guān)鍵詞在文章中定位相關(guān)信息

4. 讀原文相關(guān)信息并選出答案。

注意：

1. 此種題型要求考生回顧更多的原文信息，因為三個在原文曾被提及的選項可能分布在一個段落或幾個段落里。

2. 此題型的正確選項為：not mentioned in the passage

or

not true according to the passage

3. 解答完題目后，考生要檢查自己的答案，以確保正確回答了這道題目。

下面通過幾個例子來示范這種題目的答題步驟及方法。

The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over-irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.

All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPT

○ soil erosion

○ global warming

○ insufficient irrigation

○ the raising of livestock

解析：首先本題題干中出現(xiàn)標志性詞“EXCEPT”，因此我們斷定此題為否定排除題;接下來讀選項，而選項中均為詞組，這些詞組即為關(guān)鍵詞;在原文定位，我們可以在第二段中定位到“Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water…”，因此，第一個選項排除;繼續(xù)定位，在文章第四段我們可以定位到“In some regions, the increase in desert is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years.”在第七段我們可以定位到“The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where gases…”在第九段我們可以定位到“The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over-irrigation.”因此，第二選項和第四選項我們都可以排除掉，而第三選項和原文中內(nèi)容相反，也就是“not true according to the passage”，因此答案為第三選項。此題中被原文中提及的選項分布在幾個段落里。

The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial “peepshow” format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison’s peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. it was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents(or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films(or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).

According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of viewing films in Kinetoscope parlors EXCEPT

○ One individual at a time viewed a film

○ Customers could view one film after another.

○ Prizefights were the most popular subjects for film.

○ Each film was short.

解析：首先本題題干中出現(xiàn)標志性詞“EXCEPT”，因此我們斷定此題為否定排除題;接下來讀選項劃關(guān)鍵詞，第一個選項信息都比較關(guān)鍵，第二個選項我們可以劃關(guān)鍵詞為“one film after another”，第三個選項我們可以劃關(guān)鍵詞為“Prizefights”和“most popular subject”，第四個選項我們可以劃關(guān)鍵詞為“short”;在文章中定位，我們可以定位到信息“only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time”和“customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films(or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight)”，根據(jù)原文信息，我們可以排除第一個、第二個和第四個選項，而第三個選項文章中未提及，也就是“not mentioned in the passage”，因此答案即為第三個選項。

The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified – as during wartime – are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experience with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

According to the cognitive approach described in paragraph 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person’s

○ moral values

○ previous experiences with aggression

○ instinct to avoid aggression

○ beliefs about other people’s intensions

解析：首先本題題干中出現(xiàn)標志性詞“EXCEPT”，因此我們斷定此題為否定排除題;接下來讀選項劃關(guān)鍵詞，而選項中均為詞組，這些詞組即為關(guān)鍵詞;在原文定位，我們可以定位到信息“Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values”和“…their experience with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives”，根據(jù)文章中提及的信息，我們可以排除第一個、第二個和第四個選項，而第三個選項文章中未提及，也就是“not mentioned in the passage”，因此答案即為第三個選項。

托福技巧：托福閱讀大范圍考察題的“玄機”

托福閱讀考試出題，很多時候都會針對某個具體的段落，但是也不乏有很多題目需要縱觀全文或者是范圍比較廣，這樣題做起來就費時費力還不一定會準確。

新托福閱讀考試中絕大部分題目都是對應(yīng)具體段落的，這會為考生節(jié)省很多時間。但是也不排除有少量題目的范圍比較大或比較模糊，考生在尋找答案時難免一頭霧水，費時費力。其實這些看似沒有明確定位方向的題目都是暗藏玄機的。

Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.

Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.

Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?

A. They rely largely on coal-fired power plants.

B. They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.

C. Over 1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.

D. Wind farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.

這個題目的題干涉及到三個段落，而事實上考生根本不需要去看第一段的內(nèi)容，因為答案依據(jù)的是第三、四段的信息，但是這兩個段落如果都看的話內(nèi)容也不少，從應(yīng)試的角度來說太費時間。正確的做法應(yīng)該是從選項中挖掘一下方向。A項里大家一般都會選擇有連字符的coal-fired作為關(guān)鍵詞去定位，B項沒有比較顯眼的詞就只能選名詞短語remote areas，C項選1 percent， D項選the United States。選完關(guān)鍵詞我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)除了B項不大好定位以外，其他三個選項的關(guān)鍵詞都很醒目。

經(jīng)過定位，A項應(yīng)該去比對第3段的第一句話，意思明顯矛盾;B項不好找，可以暫且跳過;C項和D項的關(guān)鍵詞在這兩段都找不到，這就屬于新托福閱讀中推理題的錯誤答案設(shè)計方法之一無中生有。所以雖然我們沒有去驗證B項的說法是否正確，但經(jīng)過排除也只能選B了。這樣的做題方法就會省時省力，且答案也是正確的。

上面針對托福閱讀題型中大范圍考察題型的解法，已經(jīng)給大家做了分析，希望對考生有所啟示。要做好題就要多思考和總結(jié)，希望考生們要認真對待，好好備考，加油!

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