托福閱讀加試分為經(jīng)典加試和非經(jīng)典加試，一般情況下考生遇到的情況都是經(jīng)典加試，即所加試的題目都是固定的幾篇。這里小編為就為大家整理了托福閱讀經(jīng)典加試威尼斯鹽業(yè)內(nèi)容分享給大家，希望對(duì)大家托福備考有幫助。

托福閱讀經(jīng)典加試 Title: Salt Industry in Venice 試題及答案

閱讀經(jīng)典加試 3Title: Salt Industry in Venice

概述：

第一段：威尼斯原本也是產(chǎn)鹽的，但是產(chǎn)fine salt 精鹽，但是需要粗鹽coarse salt的時(shí)候，就要進(jìn)口，有一次天災(zāi)，產(chǎn)鹽區(qū)1/3都受到影響，所以要import. (問什么時(shí)候要進(jìn)口，雙選)。

第二段：政府給鹽商補(bǔ)償金subsidy. (這里有一個(gè)指代題) 這個(gè)補(bǔ)償金后來越來越高，商人寧愿花高價(jià)去收購(gòu)鹽，以獲得它。補(bǔ)償金enable商人從東地中海eastern Mediterranean進(jìn)口印度香料spice, 以及rice,再販賣到西歐。(問他們?yōu)槭裁丛敢饣ǜ邇r(jià)買鹽)。說香料和米利潤(rùn)高，于是威尼斯就發(fā)達(dá)了。

第三段：和中國(guó)政府不一樣，威尼斯官方不擁有鹽，但是對(duì)鹽業(yè)起到調(diào)節(jié)作用。(此處問中國(guó)是什么樣的。選的是官方是擁有鹽，并且對(duì)鹽業(yè)調(diào)節(jié))。威尼斯給商人發(fā)牌照license,還制定鹽的價(jià)格，要求在哪里買等。它們還負(fù)責(zé)maintain一些建筑(此處有詞匯題，是形容建筑的)。 (又有一問，是排除列舉題，問以下哪一個(gè)不是威尼斯政府的職能。選的是permit商人制定的價(jià)格，價(jià)格是官方定的。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)是：發(fā)牌照;定價(jià)格;保護(hù)建筑)

第四段：說他們的生意越做越大，從哪里到哪里(range from……to…..這個(gè)是插入題)。

第五段：威尼斯很注重它們的reputation.重視state, 簽訂contract合同。合同里規(guī)定stipulate(詞匯題，選項(xiàng)為require; assume; suggest) 威尼斯是它們的唯一供應(yīng)商。

第六段：有一次希臘那邊供給出了問題，威尼斯還是履行了合同，就是為了維護(hù)他的市場(chǎng)。(有考到詞匯題ruthlessly無情地; 答案應(yīng)該是without mercy) 威尼斯還有了自己的艦隊(duì)，也是為了讓大家conform with。(問關(guān)于艦隊(duì)的題目，問為什么提到它。是因?yàn)樗彩且环N手段)

最后一題是全文總結(jié)題。

托福閱讀文章的出處及選材范圍

托福閱讀是托福考試(TOEFL iBT)中的第一項(xiàng)考查科目，即便在傳統(tǒng)意義上被認(rèn)為是最容易拿高分的一項(xiàng)，但因此輕視而導(dǎo)致托福成績(jī)不佳的同學(xué)也大有人在。需要正確認(rèn)識(shí)的是：托福閱讀技能貫穿了整個(gè)托?？荚嚕和懈Ｂ犃︻}目選項(xiàng)的快速瀏覽、托?？谡Z題干背景的準(zhǔn)確把握、以及托福綜合寫作短篇論點(diǎn)論據(jù)的有效定位，均需要快速高效的閱讀能力配合完成。從閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)所占的總分比重來看，可以毫不夸張的說"失閱讀者失全局"。

想要取得托福閱讀的好成績(jī)，首先需要熟悉其考察內(nèi)容及特點(diǎn)：文章出處在哪里，主題范圍有哪些;文章類型有幾種，篇章段落結(jié)構(gòu)有何特點(diǎn);以及文章本身的量化指標(biāo)。只有把這些問題搞清楚，才能明確我們應(yīng)該采取何種閱讀技巧和解題策略。

那么托福閱讀的文章出處以及選材范圍究竟是什么呢?

作為一項(xiàng)語言能力測(cè)試，托?？荚囀强疾榭忌芊窬邆渥銐虻恼Z言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)和研究工作。因此，其閱讀文章原型大都選自美國(guó)大學(xué)本科生使用的教材，以達(dá)到最佳的模擬測(cè)試效果。

文章的選材范圍極其廣泛，涉及有自然科學(xué)包括：天文學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)、氣象學(xué)等;人文科學(xué)包括：藝術(shù)美學(xué)、考古學(xué)、語言學(xué)、文學(xué)等;社會(huì)科學(xué)包括：政治學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、教育學(xué)、人類學(xué)等交叉學(xué)科。

從選材范圍可見：托福閱讀的文章內(nèi)容對(duì)考生知識(shí)存儲(chǔ)量的廣度有一定的要求，但同時(shí)考慮到考生來自于不同的專業(yè)，對(duì)于其他學(xué)科往往不具備專業(yè)素質(zhì)，因此為了遵守考試公平性原則，文章均不對(duì)其所述及的學(xué)科做過多深入的探討。

新托福閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)背景知識(shí)

BACKGROUND/DISCUSSION

Songbirds include those birds from the order Passeriformes, commonly called passerines. There are approximately 5,400 different species of passerines. The suborder Oscine includes those birds that we tend to think of as your typical songbird, those birds that have complex songs as adults. In the majority of Oscines, the male is the one with the complex singing ability, and there is much diversity among males of different species in the length and complexity of their songs.

Song needs to be developed, just like any other characteristic of songbird behavior. Singing the correct song for that species is not an instinctual process. The need to sing is instinctual, however what song to sing has been found to be learned. When and where young songbirds learn their songs has long been studied. Just as songbirds differ in their songs, they also differ in their song learning process, though some basic principles seem to be the same. Many species learn their song only during the first few months, though a few can learn songs their entire lives. Also differing between species is from who the songs are learned, and how much of the songs are accurately imitated.

Some species may exactly copy the songs they are exposed to. On the other hand, many will not exactly imitate the song or songs that they have been exposed to. Instead they will take bits and pieces of it and invent their own song, though usually similar in construction to that which the species normally sings.

重點(diǎn)詞匯：

Passerine：雀形目的，雀形鳥

Oscine：鳴禽類的，鳴禽類的鳥

Instinctual：本能的

Principles：原則

Imitate：模仿，效仿

exposed to：曝露于，公開揭露

bits and pieces：曲子的部分調(diào)子或小節(jié)

點(diǎn)撥迷津：

重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容是在第二段和第三段，告訴我們鳴禽類唱歌是一種本能，但是如何去學(xué)會(huì)唱歌的是實(shí)驗(yàn)所要研究的問題。雖然每種不同的鳴禽有不同的學(xué)習(xí)過程，但是有一些基本的原則是相同的，例如大部分的鳥都是在出生的前幾個(gè)月學(xué)習(xí)唱歌。另外一個(gè)要關(guān)注的問題就是鳥類是不是準(zhǔn)確地模仿到了自己所聽到的歌聲。

The Basic Features of Song Learning

Nine males song sparrows were collected from the wild from four different broods when they were around 4 to 6 days old. They were raised by people until they were weaned at 33 to 35 days old and then were placed into individual wire-mesh cages. Live tutors were used in this experiment. Four wild-caught adult male song sparrows were used as the tutors. The tutors were placed into flight aviaries and the subject's cages were placed adjacent to the aviaries, so that they could have visual contact with one of the tutors, while still being able to hear the other three singing. Also, the subjects were rotated so that their visual contact with one tutor varied between the tutors. The subjects were there when they were 33 to 94 days old, with the assumption that their sensitive phase lay some time in this time period.

When the subjects started singing the next spring, their repertoires were analyzed. The average was seven song types per subject. This does correspond with birds raised exclusively in the wild by their parents. Eight of the nine subjects learned songs from two or more of the tutors and later imitated these songs.

In similar experiments in which some birds are exposed to tutors and some are raised in isolation, those birds that were exposed to tutors almost always tend to imitate pieces and even complete songs. Those birds raised in isolation always sang isolate songs. These isolate songs were similar to each other and consist of much more structurally simpler songs than males raised with normal song exposure.

重點(diǎn)詞匯：

song sparrows: 北美歌雀

broods：窩

aviary：鳥舍

subject：實(shí)驗(yàn)的對(duì)象

adjacent to：與…連接的

rotated：旋轉(zhuǎn)的

repertoires：整段樂曲

correspond with：相符合，相一致

exclusively：專門的，排外的

isolation：孤立，隔離

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