最基本的英文五個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)
英文最常用的時(shí)態(tài)有五個(gè)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí);一般過(guò)去時(shí);一般將來(lái)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。接下來(lái)，小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了最基本的英文五個(gè)時(shí)態(tài) ,歡迎大家參考與借鑒。
最基本的英文五個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)
一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：
用動(dòng)詞原型表示，但單數(shù)第三人稱后要加-s，在詞尾加-s時(shí)要注意：
1. 一般情況：加-s 例：reads，writes，says
2. 以s，x，ch，sh收尾的詞加-es 例：teaches，washes，guesses
3. 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-es 例：try—tries，carry—carries。
這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的疑問(wèn)句一般以句首加助動(dòng)詞do，does構(gòu)成。句中動(dòng)詞要用原型動(dòng)詞be提前：
do you know it?
are you students?
does she have a pen?
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用在：
1.經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作：
we always care for each other and help each other。
they cycle to work every day。
2.現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)：
he loves sports。
do you sing?a little。
i major in english。
3. 真理：
light travels faster than sound。
two and four makes six。
the moon moves round the earth。
有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞常?？捎糜谝话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)：be，love，like，hate，want，hope，need，prefer，wish，know，understand，remember，believe，recognize，guess，suppose，mean，belong，think(以為)，feel，envy，doubt，remain，consist，contain，seem，look(看起來(lái))，see，fit，suit，owe，own，hear，find，suggest，propose，allow，show(說(shuō)明)，prove，mind(在意)，have(有)，sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái))，taste(嘗起來(lái))，matter，require，possess，desire等等。
i feel a sharp pain in my chest1。
the soup contains too much salt。
you see what i mean?
the coat fits you very well。
how do you find the book?
有些表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞間或可用于這一時(shí)態(tài)，表示現(xiàn)刻的動(dòng)作，由于動(dòng)作持續(xù)時(shí)間機(jī)短，用于進(jìn)行時(shí)不自然：
i send you my best wishes。
i salute2 your courage。
now i extend3 my heartfelt thanks to you。
在口語(yǔ)中這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)用來(lái)表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排發(fā)生的情況(這是都有一個(gè)表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ))：
when do the train leave(stop at jinan)?
the plane take off at 11 am。
tomorrow is saturday。
is there a firm on tonight?
但這只限少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如begin，come，go，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，dine，end，stop，depart，open，close，be等。另外，在時(shí)間或條件從句中，將來(lái)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)多用這一時(shí)態(tài)表示：
tell her about that when she come。
turn off the light before you leave。
we‘ll start as soon as you are ready。
在口語(yǔ)中，這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)間或可以用來(lái)表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在說(shuō)話人腦中處于很不重要的地位)：
they say xiao wu is back。is that true?
xiao yu tells me you‘re going abroad。
oh，i forget where he lives。
yes，you answer quite well。
此外一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)還多用于報(bào)刊、電影、電視解說(shuō)等其他幾種情況。
二、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用助動(dòng)詞be的人稱形式加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，它的肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)形式如下：
I am working。
I am not working。
Am I working?
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
where are they having the basket-ball match?
they are putting up the scaffolding。
he‘s showing a foreign guest round the city。
在不少情況下，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的漢語(yǔ)句子，并沒(méi)有“正在”這樣的字，在譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)卻必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：
how are you getting on with the work?
the work is going fairly smoothly1。
you are making rapid progress。
It is blowing hard。
who are you waiting for?
whenever I see her，she is working in the garden。我每次看到她時(shí)，她總是在花園里干活。
在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)所列的表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞，一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，因?yàn)樗麄儾荒鼙硎菊谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。但如果詞義轉(zhuǎn)變，能表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就能夠用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，試比較下面的句子：
do you see anyone over there?你看到那里有什么人嗎?
are you seeing someone off?你在給誰(shuí)送行嗎?
I hear someone singing。我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人唱歌。
they are hearing an english talk?他們?cè)诼?tīng)一個(gè)英語(yǔ)報(bào)告。
what do you think of it?你覺(jué)得這怎么樣?
what are you thinking about?你在想什么?
另外，表示無(wú)法持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，一般不宜用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，但有些可以用于這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)、即將等：
he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳著。
the train is arriving?；疖嚲鸵M(jìn)站了。
the old man is dying2。老頭病危了。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可用來(lái)表示一個(gè)在最近按計(jì)劃或安安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這是多有一個(gè)表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ))：
we are leaving on friday。
are you going anywhere tomorrow?
a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。
xiao hong!coming。
who is interpreting3 for you?
we are having a holiday next monday。
但這僅限于少量動(dòng)詞，如go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear等。
另外，“be going+不定式”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常用來(lái)表示即將發(fā)生的事或打算(準(zhǔn)備)做的事：
I am afraid it is going to rain。
It is going to be rather cold tomorrow。
she is not going to speak at the meeting。
在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中過(guò)去有許多人不贊成用go和come這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，感到很別扭，主張不說(shuō)are you going to go anywhere tomorrow?而說(shuō)are you going anywhere tomorrow?不說(shuō)is she going to come?而說(shuō)is she coming?但現(xiàn)在在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的人越來(lái)越多，這種用法基本上被大家接受了。
此外，在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，間或也可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的情況或一般情況：
do not mention this when you are talking with him。
remember that when you are taking a rest，some else is always working。
if she is still sleeping，do not wake her up。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)用來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，這是或是為了表示一種感情(a)如贊嘆、厭煩等，或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)情況的暫時(shí)性(b)。
a. how are you feeling today?(比how do you feel today?更顯親切)
xiao hua is doing fine work at school。(比xiao hua does fine work at school。更富贊美)
he is always thinking of his work。表贊許
he is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是亂扔?xùn)|西。(表不滿)
he is always boasting4。他老愛(ài)說(shuō)大話。(表厭煩)
b.he is sleeping in the next room now。他現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在是在隔壁房間睡了(不再原來(lái)房間睡了)。
the professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill。
where is he working?他現(xiàn)在在那里工作?(可能剛換工作)
for this week we are starting work at 7：30。
he is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。
be間或可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表示一時(shí)的表現(xiàn)：
you are not being modest。
he is being silly。
she is being friendly。
xiao hong is being a good girl today。
do not talk rot。i am being serious。
注： 在there和here引起的句子中，?？捎靡话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：
here comes the bus。(=the bus is coming.)
there goes the bell. (=the bell is ringing.)
在某些情況下兩種情況都可以用，沒(méi)有多少差別：
i wonder (am wondering) how i should answer then.
does your leg hurt? (is your leg hurting?)
it itches5 (is itching) terribly.
my back aches (is aching).
i write (am writing ) to inform you.
三、 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞shall或will加動(dòng)詞原型構(gòu)成，shall用于第一人稱，will用于第二、三人稱。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的肯定、否定及疑問(wèn)機(jī)構(gòu)可表示如下：
I shall go.
I shall not go.
shall I go?
除英國(guó)以外的說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的國(guó)家，在陳述句中，即使在第一人稱一般也用will,在英國(guó)也有這種趨勢(shì)，在口語(yǔ)中常緊縮為I’ll.
一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和情況：
I will (shall) arrive tomorrow.
will you be busy tonight?
the agreement will come into force next spring.
we won’t (shan’t) be free tonight.
有時(shí)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)要從意思上判斷是否指未來(lái)的動(dòng)作或情況：
I will think it over.
who will take the chair?
will she come?
they won’t object it.
在以i 或 we 作主語(yǔ)的問(wèn)句中，一般用shall，這時(shí)或是征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)(a),或是詢問(wèn)一個(gè)情況(b):
a. shall I make a fair copy of it?
which book shall i read first?
where shall we meet?
b. shall we have any classes tomorrow?
when shall we have the rehearsal1?
shall I be able to find them there?
在這類問(wèn)句中，近年來(lái)也有不少人用will，特別是美國(guó)。
what will we do?
how will get there?
which will I take?
注意在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，一般不能用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，而用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)代替：
I’ll let you have the book when i’m through.
they’ll fight till they win complete victory2.
I’ll be round to see you if i have time tomorrow.
注：在兩種情況下條件從句可以用一般將來(lái)時(shí)：
1. 表示愿望：
if they won’t cooperate3, our plan will fall flat.
2.主句的謂語(yǔ)表時(shí)現(xiàn)在的情況：
if he won’t arrive this morning, why should we wait here。
表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，除了一般將來(lái)時(shí)外，還有一些其他結(jié)構(gòu)和時(shí)態(tài)：
1. be going +不定式(表打算、準(zhǔn)備作的事或即將發(fā)生或肯定要發(fā)生的事)：
we ‘re going to put up a building here.
how are you going to spend your holiday?
who is going to speak first?
2. be +不定式(表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事或用來(lái)征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn))：
when is the factory to go into production?
the line is (going) to be opened to traffic next week.
Am I to (=shall I ) go on with the work?
3.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(限于某些動(dòng)詞，表示按計(jì)劃或時(shí)刻要發(fā)生的事)：
school finishes on january 18th.
we get off at the next stop.
when does the winter vacation begin?
4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(限于某些動(dòng)詞，表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事)：
we are having an english evening tonight.
they are playing some folk4 music next.
I am talking the children to the zoo (on sunday ).
在單純表示將來(lái)情況，特別是談一連串的事情或在帶時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句的句子中，謂語(yǔ)多用將來(lái)時(shí)：
next term i will try to do better. I’ll speak more english and do more reading-aloud.
he’ll come to see you when he has time.
he’ll tell you if you ask him.
在表示打算或準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，如不提時(shí)間、條件等，多用be going to這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，用一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)很少的，特別是在口語(yǔ)中：
he is going to buy a dictionary.(很少說(shuō)he will buy a dictionary.)
在談即將發(fā)生的情況時(shí)，用be going to 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)也多一些。在表示按計(jì)劃安排要做得事時(shí)，用be to 的時(shí)候也不少。另外還有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)等時(shí)態(tài)也可表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
注：be about to 可表示即將作某事
we are about to leave.
he is about to retire.
一般將來(lái)時(shí)有時(shí)還可用來(lái)表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作：
a drowning man will catch at a straw5.
crops will die without water.
oil will float on water.
注：這一時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)用來(lái)表示揣測(cè)(a)或容量(b):
a. that man in the middle will be the visiting minister.
b. the hall will seat 500people.
四、 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
一般過(guò)去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式表示，動(dòng)詞be有was, were兩個(gè)過(guò)去式，was用于第一、三人稱單數(shù)，were用于其他情況。在構(gòu)成否定及疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，一般都借助助動(dòng)詞did, 動(dòng)詞be有其獨(dú)特的疑問(wèn)及否定形式(基本上和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一致)。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的三種結(jié)構(gòu)可表示如下：
一般動(dòng)詞：
i worked there.
i did not work there.
did you work there?
動(dòng)詞be:
i was there.
i was not there.
was i there?
一般過(guò)去時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況(包括習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作)
who put forward the suggestion?
when did she leave?
she often came to help us.
有些情況，發(fā)生的時(shí)間不很清楚，但實(shí)際上是過(guò)去發(fā)生的，應(yīng)當(dāng)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)：
i was glad to get your letter.
what was the final score?
how did you like their performance?
在談到已死去人的情況多用過(guò)去時(shí)：
lao she was a great writer.
my grandmother was kind to us.
有時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以用：
brahms was/is one of the greatest representative1 of german classicalism2.
注：在口語(yǔ)中一般過(guò)去時(shí)有時(shí)可用來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，使語(yǔ)氣變得婉轉(zhuǎn)一些，例如在下面句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)都可以，但用過(guò)去時(shí)顯得客氣一些(帶有更多商量的口吻)：
do/did you want to see me?
i wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.
i want/wanted to ask if i can/could borrow your bike.
五、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由have的人稱形式加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。他的肯定、否定及疑問(wèn)形式如下：
i have read it.
i have not read it.
have you read it?
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)刻以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，可以是：
1. 到現(xiàn)在為止的這一時(shí)期中發(fā)生的情況(可能時(shí)多次動(dòng)作的總和，也可表示狀態(tài)和習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作)：
we have opened up 200 mu of land this year.
how many pages have you covered today?
i haven’t seen him for many days.
2. 對(duì)現(xiàn)狀有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：
the delegation1 has already left.
i have seen the film many times.
the city has taken on a new look.
注： 這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)還可以表示過(guò)去曾發(fā)生過(guò)一次或多次的情況，也可以說(shuō)是一種經(jīng)歷：
all our children have had measles2.
man’s hairs have grown white in a single might.
he says that he has seen a meteor at some time.
這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的基本特點(diǎn)是它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系，或是講迄今為止這一段時(shí)間的情況，或是講一個(gè)影響現(xiàn)狀的動(dòng)作，這樣它不是從時(shí)間上就是從后果上和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來(lái)。根據(jù)這個(gè)特點(diǎn)我們可以判斷什么時(shí)候用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，什么時(shí)候用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
1. 當(dāng)有一個(gè)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)的狀語(yǔ)(包括when)時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
i saw her a minute ago.
just now xiao lin came to see you.
when did you get to know it?
2.當(dāng)有一個(gè)表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees.
we haven’t had any physical3 training classes this week.
he has learned4 a good deal since he came here.
3.在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never這類副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？捎矛F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
this is the second game. they ’ve already won a game.
have you got the plan ready yet? –no, not yet.
i’ve just received a money order.
4.在單獨(dú)談一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，不涉及它對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響時(shí)，通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如果談一件已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，不考慮它是什么時(shí)候發(fā)生的，而主要考慮對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
did you get up very early?
has he got up?
what did you have for lunch?
have you had lunch?
i got the news from xiao yu.
i’ve got no news from him.
注： 有since引起的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，主要謂語(yǔ)通常用完成時(shí)態(tài)：
we met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then).
it has rained a great deal since you left.
we haven’t seen each other again since them (since we parted in 1952). 但在表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度時(shí)可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
l 在使用一個(gè)表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(如be, seem等)作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，間或也可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)：
it’s ok since i fixed5 it.
it seems a long time since i was here.
i’m getting interested in china since you came here. 間或用過(guò)去時(shí)，特別時(shí)在口語(yǔ)中。
i lost ten pounds since i started swimming.
在since引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。但間或可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
i haven’t seen him since i have been back.
since i have known6 her, she has been fond7 of sports.
有時(shí)同樣一句漢語(yǔ)，由于使用場(chǎng)合不用，譯成英語(yǔ)時(shí)可能需要不同時(shí)態(tài)：
has xiao yang come?
did xiao yang come?
how many people have gone to the factory?
how many people went to the factory?
we haven’t invited him.
we didn’t invite him.
有時(shí)同樣一個(gè)動(dòng)作，也隨著說(shuō)話的意圖不同而用不同時(shí)態(tài)表示：
has he gone to town? how did he go there? 后一句談動(dòng)作本身，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)聯(lián)系。
have you had your lunch? where did you have it? 你吃中午飯了嗎?在那吃的?
has she left? why did she leave so early?
某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)刻表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)：
how have you been (recently)?
the conference8 has lasted five days.
we’ve known each other since we were children.
特別是動(dòng)詞be，是常常這樣用的：
he’s been back for three days. (不能用has come back)
she has been a teacher for ten years. (不能說(shuō)has become)
he has been in college for a year. (不能說(shuō)has entered)
由于come, become, enter和get up 等動(dòng)詞都只代表一個(gè)短暫的動(dòng)作，不能代表一個(gè)延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，這是需要用be來(lái)表示延續(xù)的狀態(tài)：
另外有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(主要是work, study, teach, live等)可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個(gè)動(dòng)作：
how long have you worked here?
she has taught english for many years.
we’ve lived here for quite a few years.
但大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞不宜這樣用，而需用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
注：have been (to)長(zhǎng)可用來(lái)表示“到過(guò)某地”或“剛?cè)プ鲞^(guò)某事”
have you ever been to xi’an?
xiao liu has just been here.
we’ve been here(there)many times.
l 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用在表示時(shí)間或條件的狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作：
i’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as i have got the recorder fixed.
we’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then
i will gibe9 my opinion when i have read the book through.
這利用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”時(shí)表示這動(dòng)作將在另一動(dòng)作之前完成。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，(也就是說(shuō)一個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著另一個(gè)動(dòng)作)，一般就不用這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)：
i’ll let you know as soon as i hear from her.
she’ll write you when she gets there.
在這樣的情況下(特別是當(dāng)我們用的是get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return 等代表迅即完成的動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí))，多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。有時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以用：
we’ll leave as soon as it stops(has stopped) raining.
i’ll tell him after you leave (have left).
注：have got 形式上時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，卻和have時(shí)同一個(gè)意思：
she has got (=has) a slight10 temperature.
have you got (=do you have) any sisters?
另外，現(xiàn)在有一種傾向，特別是在美國(guó)，在隨便談話時(shí)，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
i saw it already (=i have seen it already).
did you return the records yet (=have you returned the records yet)?
i just come back (=i’ve just come back).
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