高三英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo)
高三英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法，大局知道有哪些呢?如果不知道的，可以看小編的，接下來(lái)，小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了高三英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo),歡迎大家參考與借鑒。
高三英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo)
stomach-stomachs radio - radios, photo - photos, piano - pianos
bamboo - bamboos, zoo - zoos
a German-three Germans, an American-two Americans
man servant-men servants; woman doctor-women doctors;
man cook - men cooks; woman singer - women singers
papers 報(bào)紙, 文件manners禮貌 goods貨物 works1 工廠, 著作
looks 外表 glasses 眼鏡 greens青菜 hairs幾根頭發(fā)
times 時(shí)代 sands 沙灘, 沙地 irons腳鐐手銬 drinks飲料
forces 軍隊(duì) spirits 酒精, 情緒
keep(break) one's word 守(失)信 leave word 留言
a man of his word 有信用的人 in a word 簡(jiǎn)言之?
word for(by) word 逐字地 upon my word 說(shuō)實(shí)在話
eat one words 收回前言, 認(rèn)錯(cuò) in other words 換句話說(shuō)
the last words 臨終的話 waste one's words 白費(fèi)口舌
have words with 與某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with 與某人說(shuō)幾句話
a friend of my father's; a few friends of Liming's ;
that book of Liming's; two friends of my brother's
1)主語(yǔ)形式雖為單數(shù), 但意義為復(fù)數(shù), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
The crowd were running for their lives.
單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有:people, police , cattle, militia2(民兵)等。
2)主語(yǔ)形式為復(fù)數(shù), 而意義上卻是單數(shù), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如:
The news was very exciting.
形復(fù)意單的單詞有news, works(工廠)和一些以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng),physics, politics, economics,mathematics等。
某些集體名詞, 如people, police, cattle, militia 等, 只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:The police are searching for him.
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future.
More than one student has seen the film.
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
More members than one are against your plan.
一些有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主語(yǔ)用“a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞”構(gòu)成時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如:A pair of shoes was on the desk.
this kind of men的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù), men of this kind和these kind of men的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。all kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式, 這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒(méi)有冠詞。例如:
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor.
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited.
The room with its furniture was rented.
A (great) number of, many, a few 修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); a little, much, a great deal of,a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
如果主語(yǔ)由“the+形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù), 這類(lèi)詞有:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb3, the oppressed4, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等;
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited.
The room with its furniture was rented.
關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:
Those who want to go please sign your names here.
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.
19)疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, which 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)說(shuō)話人所要表達(dá)的意思決定單復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu. Who live next door? It is Zhang and Liu.
Which is (are) your book(s)? What produce(s) heat?
two score of people中應(yīng)加“of”，
但three score and ten people “七十人”中不加of。
scores of people指“許多人”
表示“在幾十年代”用in+the+“逢十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)”。例如：
in the 1990s 或90's或nineties.
季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱(chēng)，球類(lèi)、棋類(lèi)名詞名稱(chēng)前一般不加冠詞。
1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
系動(dòng)詞be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain
限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國(guó)藉+材料
Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table
某些以a-開(kāi)首的形容詞例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表語(yǔ),不能作定語(yǔ)。
某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞。例如：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely5等。
plenty of， a lot of 一般不用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中，通常用many或much代替。
1)close接近地 closely仔細(xì)地，密切地
2)free 免費(fèi)地 freely自由地,無(wú)拘束地
3)hard努力地 hardly幾乎不
4)late 晚，遲 lately 近來(lái)
5)most 極,非常 mostly主要地
6)wide廣闊地，充分地 widely廣泛地
7)high高 highly高度地，非常地
8)deep深，遲 deeply抽象意義的“深”
9)loud大聲地 loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)
10)near鄰近 nearly幾乎
good well/better best bad/ill,badly worse worst
many/much more most little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest old elder/older eldest/oldest
比較級(jí)的用法
?、匐p方比較，表示一方超過(guò)另一方時(shí)，用“比較級(jí)+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。
例如：This pen is better than that one.
?、诒硎疽环讲患傲硪环綍r(shí)，用“l(fā)ess+原級(jí)+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。例如：
This room is less beautiful than that one.
?、郾硎疽环匠^(guò)另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí)，可在比較級(jí)前加表示程度的狀語(yǔ)，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修飾。例如：He works even harder than before.
注意:英語(yǔ)的比較級(jí)前如無(wú)even, still,或yet 等時(shí),譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)可用“較”或“……一些”或不譯出,一般不可用“更”,如:
She is better than she was yesterday.她比昨天好些了。
Please come earlier tomorrow.請(qǐng)明天早點(diǎn)來(lái)。
注意:by far 通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)。用于比較級(jí)時(shí),一般放在比較級(jí)的后面, 如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。
如:He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
?、鼙硎疽环诫S另一方的程度而變化時(shí)，用“the+比較級(jí)(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)),the+比較級(jí)(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
The harder he works，the happier he feels.
?、莶慌c其它事物相比，表示本身程度的改變時(shí)，用“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用to代替than。(這些詞有inferior，superior6，junior，senior，prior等。例如：
He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.
?、咴诒容^從句中為了避免重復(fù)，我們通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如：
The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood.
?、啾硎颈稊?shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:
A) A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.
例如:The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。
(這座新樓比那座舊樓大三倍[高三倍])。
B) A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.例如:
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
(亞洲比歐洲大三倍。)
C) A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider,etc.) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。(你們的學(xué)校是我們學(xué)校的四倍大。)
用 times 表示倍數(shù), 一般只限于表示包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)三倍或三倍以上的數(shù)。表示兩倍可以用 twice 或 double
3)最高級(jí)的用法
?、偃呋蛉咭陨舷啾?，表示最高程度時(shí)，用“the+最高級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。這種句式一般常有表示比較范圍的介詞短語(yǔ)。例如：
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.He works (the) hardest in his class.
?、谧罡呒?jí)可被序數(shù)詞以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really,nothing like等詞語(yǔ)所修飾。例如:
This hat is by far/ much/ nearly/ almost / not nearly/by no means/ not quite/nothing like the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat coat?
?、郾硎尽白罡叱潭取钡男稳菰~，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，沒(méi)有最高級(jí)，也不能用比較級(jí)。
?、苄稳菰~最高級(jí)修飾作表語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)的名詞、代詞時(shí)，被修飾的詞往往省略。He is the tallest (boy) in his class.
⑤作狀語(yǔ)的副詞最高級(jí)前可以不加定冠詞。例如：
Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.
如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few，不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時(shí)，該用so而不用such。如：
I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.
但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時(shí),仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themslves.
6)almost與nearly
?、賰烧叨伎梢孕揎?all, every, always等詞，都可以用于否定句中。
?、谠趘ery, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如：
I'm not nearly ready.
?、墼赼ny, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如：
I almost never see her.
need 表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如：
You needn't come so early. Need I finish the work today? --Yes, you must.
注意：needn't+不定式的完成式“表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。例如：You needn't have waited for me.
“should+have+過(guò)去分詞”表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到。
You should have started earlier.
“ought to + have + 過(guò)去分詞”表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。
You ought to have helped him (but you didn't)
書(shū)報(bào)的標(biāo)題,小說(shuō)等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
表示感覺(jué),愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如have,be,hear,see,like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
有些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動(dòng)的意思。常見(jiàn)的有可和 well, easily 等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如：
The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。
The new product sells well.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷(xiāo)。
The pen writes well.這支筆很好寫(xiě)。
虛擬語(yǔ)氣在動(dòng)詞 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中用“(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。
例如：We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
注意:insist 作“力言”、“強(qiáng)調(diào)”解時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。只有當(dāng) insist 作“堅(jiān)持(認(rèn)為),”“堅(jiān)持(應(yīng)該)”解時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
在feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice,observe,see, watch,have,let,make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to。例如：I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.
注意：不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.如：
She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：
He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
在 It is no use/good,not any use/good,useless,There is no 等后必須用動(dòng)名詞。
2)作表語(yǔ)。例如：Her job is teaching7.
3)作賓語(yǔ)。例如：He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.
注① admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feel like,finish,forgive,give up,imagine,include, keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,risk,suggest, can't help, can't stand(無(wú)法忍受)等動(dòng)詞后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但不能用不定式。
注②forget, go on,like,mean,regret, remember, stop, try等動(dòng)詞可帶動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ),但意義上有區(qū)別。
I remember doing the exercise .(我記得做過(guò)練習(xí)。)
I must remember to do it .(我必須記著做這事。)
I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里。)
I tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次。)]
Stop speaking .(不要講話。)He stopped to talk .(他停下來(lái)講話。)
mean to do 有意... mean doing意味著...
I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些來(lái)。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(誤了這趟火車(chē)意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。)
注③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等動(dòng)詞后直接跟動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用動(dòng)名詞形式,如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ),然后再跟動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),其賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用帶to的不定式。例如：
We don't allow smoking here. We don't allow students to smoke.
注④動(dòng)詞need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動(dòng)詞作它的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),若表示的含義是被動(dòng)的,必須用動(dòng)名詞,或不定式的被動(dòng)式。例如：
The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
注⑤在短語(yǔ)devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to,to be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用動(dòng)名詞形式。例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon.
過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式及完成被動(dòng)式作狀語(yǔ)的比較：
1)過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式都有被動(dòng)意義，有時(shí)兩者無(wú)多大區(qū)別。
例如:(Being) seized with a sudden fear, she gave a scream.
在某些情況下，二者則是有區(qū)別的。例如：
United, we stand; divided, we fall.(條件)
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk8.(原因)
Being written in haste9, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,強(qiáng)調(diào)寫(xiě)的過(guò)程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式)
2)有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式皆表示已完成的動(dòng)作，在意義上無(wú)多大區(qū)別。例如：
(Having been) weakened10 by storms, the bridge was no longer safe.
但有時(shí)是有區(qū)別的。例如：
Having been deserted11 by his guide, he couldn't find his way through the jungle.(為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動(dòng)作)
Asked to stay, I couldn't very well refuse.
(這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked, 也可能意味著when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不會(huì)有歧義。)
下面句中過(guò)去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間相同，所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如：
Covered with confusion12, I left the room.我很窘地離開(kāi)了房間。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。
3)有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式與其完成式的被動(dòng)式完全同義，皆表示已完成的動(dòng)作。這時(shí)用一般式的被動(dòng)式較好。例如：Being surrounded (Having been surrounded)the enemy troups were forced to surrender13.
前句的謂語(yǔ)是there be,后邊的疑問(wèn)部分也用there be形式。例如：
There is a radio on the table,isn't there? Yes,there is.
前句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 have to /had to 時(shí),其疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用do 的適當(dāng)形式。例如:We have to get up at four tomorrow, don't we?
They had to leave early, didn't they?
前句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為used to 時(shí),其疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可采取兩種形式。
例如:He used to live in London, use(d)n't he /didn't he?
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n't there /didn't there?
前句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是ought to, 則疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用ought /oughtn't 代替。例如:Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
但在正式文體中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?
當(dāng)陳述部分有dare 或need 時(shí),若dare 和need為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)用do 的適當(dāng)形式;若dare 和need 為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,疑問(wèn)部分用dare 或need 構(gòu)成。例如:We need to do it, don't we? You daren't go there, dare you?
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分要根據(jù)must后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)確定,不可用mustn't。若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),疑問(wèn)部分用aren't(isn't)十主語(yǔ),例如：You must be tired,aren't you?
注意:若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句部分則用needn't。
例如：You must go home right now, needn't you?
當(dāng)mustn't 表示禁止時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)部分一般用must。如：
You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
前句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是must have+過(guò)去分詞時(shí),若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)(一般有過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)),疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用didn't+主語(yǔ);若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用haven't(hasn't)+主語(yǔ), 例如：
He must have met her yesterday, didn't he?
You must have seen the film, haven't you?
陳述句謂語(yǔ)部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(shí)(前綴或后綴),疑問(wèn)部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He is unfit for his office, isn't he?
如果陳述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定詞時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old,is he?
如果陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為everyone,someone,no one等不定代詞,其疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)可用he,也可用they,從而疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Everyone knows his job, doesn't he? Everyone knows their job,don't they?
No one was hurt,were they?
如果陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是指示代詞this,that等時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)在形式上與前者不同,但在邏輯上卻與前者一致。例如：This is very important,isn't it?
如果陳述部分是 I'm...結(jié)構(gòu),附加疑問(wèn)部分一般用 aren't I。
例如：I'm late, aren't I?
如果陳述部分以不定式代詞one作主語(yǔ),附加疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)在正式的場(chǎng)合用one,在非正式的場(chǎng)合用you。例如：One can't be too careful,can one(you)?
Have a cup of tea, will you? Let's go there,shall we?
但：Let us go there,will you?
同位語(yǔ)從句跟在名詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。連接詞用that (不用which),及連接副詞how, when, where, why等。例如：
His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway14.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
She asked the reason why there was a delay.
關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:
A)在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。例如：
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B)在主語(yǔ)從句中,只有用it作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí),whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如：
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided15 yet.
It hasn't been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
C)在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如：
It all depends (on) whether) they will support us.
D)后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。例如：He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
E)后面緊接or not 時(shí)。例如：We didn't know whether or not she was ready.
F)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,只能用whether。例如：
Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
G)用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)。例如：Please let me know if you like it.
該句有兩個(gè)意思：“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否喜歡”。
或“如果你喜歡,請(qǐng)告訴我?！庇昧藈hether就可以避免。
?、陉P(guān)聯(lián)詞if,whether均可使用的情況如下：
A)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：I wonder if(whether) the news is true or not.
B)在“be+形容詞”之后。 例如：He was not sure whether(if) it is right or wrong.
?、坳P(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether或if,不能用that的情況如下：若doubt一詞作“懷疑”解接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),主句為肯定句用whether或if,主句為否定句或疑問(wèn)句用that。例如：I doubt whether he will come soon.
I do not doubt that he will come soon. Do you doubt that he will come soon?
在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：
1)先行詞是不定代詞：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。
例如：All that we have to do is to practise every day.
2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾。例如：
The first lesson that I learned16 will never be forgotten.
3)先行詞被all,any,every, each, few,little,no,some, 等修飾。例如：
I have read all the book [ZZ(Z](that)[ZZ)] you gave me.
4)先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時(shí)。例如:
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。例如：
They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
4.由when,where,why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
I know the reason why he came late.
This is the place where we lived for 5 years.
I will never forget the day when I met Mr.Liu.
注意：先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),有時(shí)用where,有時(shí)用that (which)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。這時(shí)要根據(jù)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。例如：This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
用no sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。主句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句用過(guò)去時(shí);而且主句一般倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞had提到前面。例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
當(dāng)我們要表示“某件事已成”時(shí),應(yīng)用“was (were) able to”,而不能用“could”。例如：He was able to go to the party yesterday evening and he enjoyed himself very much.
倒 裝
英語(yǔ)句子的自然語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在后。把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前,就叫倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果全部謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)之前,叫全部例裝;如果只把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前就叫部分倒裝。倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)通常用于下列場(chǎng)合。
(一)完全倒裝
1.用于there be句型。例如：There are many students in the classroom.
2.用于“here (there,now,then)+不及物動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”的句型中,或以out,in,up,down,away等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子里,以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如：
Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.
Now comes your turn. Out went the children.
注：代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂語(yǔ)序不變。例如：Here it is. Here he comes.
3.當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí),也常常引起全部倒裝。例如:
South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
4.表語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí),倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”。
1)形容詞+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
2)過(guò)去分詞+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
3)介詞短語(yǔ)+be+主語(yǔ)
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
5.用于so,nor,neither開(kāi)頭的句子,表示重復(fù)前句部分內(nèi)容。原句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與前句謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)、形式相一致。例如：He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Li Wei can't answer the question. Neither can I.
6.為了保持句子平衡,或?yàn)榱藦?qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),或使上下文緊密銜接時(shí)。
1)They arrived at a farmhouse,in front of which sat a small boy.
2)Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms.
(二)部分倒裝
1.用于疑問(wèn)句。例如：Do you speak English?
2.用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：
Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination17.
3.用于“形容詞(或名詞、動(dòng)詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中。例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again.
注意：1)在用as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),也可實(shí)行全部倒裝。例如：Difficult as was the chemistry homework, it was finished in time.
2)如果從句的表語(yǔ)是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。例如：
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
4.用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。例如：
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
5.用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely18, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等詞開(kāi)頭的句子。例如：
Never shall I do this again. Little did he know who the woman was.
6.用于以only開(kāi)頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí))。例如：
Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.Only in this way can yo master English.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he wa重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)回顧
stomach-stomachs radio - radios, photo - photos, piano - pianos
bamboo - bamboos, zoo - zoos
a German-three Germans, an American-two Americans
man servant-men servants; woman doctor-women doctors;
man cook - men cooks; woman singer - women singers
papers 報(bào)紙, 文件manners禮貌 goods貨物 works 工廠, 著作
looks 外表 glasses 眼鏡 greens青菜 hairs幾根頭發(fā)
times 時(shí)代 sands 沙灘, 沙地 irons腳鐐手銬 drinks飲料
forces 軍隊(duì) spirits 酒精, 情緒
keep(break) one's word 守(失)信 leave word 留言
a man of his word 有信用的人 in a word 簡(jiǎn)言之?
word for(by) word 逐字地 upon my word 說(shuō)實(shí)在話
eat one words 收回前言, 認(rèn)錯(cuò) in other words 換句話說(shuō)
the last words 臨終的話 waste one's words 白費(fèi)口舌
have words with 與某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with 與某人說(shuō)幾句話
a friend of my father's; a few friends of Liming's ;
that book of Liming's; two friends of my brother's
1)主語(yǔ)形式雖為單數(shù), 但意義為復(fù)數(shù), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
The crowd were running for their lives.
單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有:people, police , cattle, militia(民兵)等。
2)主語(yǔ)形式為復(fù)數(shù), 而意義上卻是單數(shù), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如:
The news was very exciting.
形復(fù)意單的單詞有news, works(工廠)和一些以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng),physics, politics, economics,mathematics等。
某些集體名詞, 如people, police, cattle, militia 等, 只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:The police are searching for him.
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future.
More than one student has seen the film.
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
More members than one are against your plan.
一些有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主語(yǔ)用“a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞”構(gòu)成時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如:A pair of shoes was on the desk.
this kind of men的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù), men of this kind和these kind of men的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。all kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式, 這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒(méi)有冠詞。例如:
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor.
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited.
The room with its furniture was rented.
A (great) number of, many, a few 修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); a little, much, a great deal of,a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
如果主語(yǔ)由“the+形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù), 這類(lèi)詞有:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等;
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited.
The room with its furniture was rented.
關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:
Those who want to go please sign your names here.
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.
19)疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, which 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)說(shuō)話人所要表達(dá)的意思決定單復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu. Who live next door? It is Zhang and Liu.
Which is (are) your book(s)? What produce(s) heat?
two score of people中應(yīng)加“of”，
但three score and ten people “七十人”中不加of。
scores of people指“許多人”
表示“在幾十年代”用in+the+“逢十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)”。例如：
in the 1990s 或90's或nineties.
季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱(chēng)，球類(lèi)、棋類(lèi)名詞名稱(chēng)前一般不加冠詞。
1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
系動(dòng)詞be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain
限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國(guó)藉+材料
Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table
某些以a-開(kāi)首的形容詞例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表語(yǔ),不能作定語(yǔ)。
某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞。例如：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。
plenty of， a lot of 一般不用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中，通常用many或much代替。
1)close接近地 closely仔細(xì)地，密切地
2)free 免費(fèi)地 freely自由地,無(wú)拘束地
3)hard努力地 hardly幾乎不
4)late 晚，遲 lately 近來(lái)
5)most 極,非常 mostly主要地
6)wide廣闊地，充分地 widely廣泛地
7)high高 highly高度地，非常地
8)deep深，遲 deeply抽象意義的“深”
9)loud大聲地 loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)
10)near鄰近 nearly幾乎
good well/better best bad/ill,badly worse worst
many/much more most little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest old elder/older eldest/oldest
比較級(jí)的用法
?、匐p方比較，表示一方超過(guò)另一方時(shí)，用“比較級(jí)+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。
例如：This pen is better than that one.
?、诒硎疽环讲患傲硪环綍r(shí)，用“l(fā)ess+原級(jí)+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。例如：
This room is less beautiful than that one.
?、郾硎疽环匠^(guò)另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí)，可在比較級(jí)前加表示程度的狀語(yǔ)，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修飾。例如：He works even harder than before.
注意:英語(yǔ)的比較級(jí)前如無(wú)even, still,或yet 等時(shí),譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)可用“較”或“……一些”或不譯出,一般不可用“更”,如:
She is better than she was yesterday.她比昨天好些了。
Please come earlier tomorrow.請(qǐng)明天早點(diǎn)來(lái)。
注意:by far 通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)。用于比較級(jí)時(shí),一般放在比較級(jí)的后面, 如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。
如:He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
?、鼙硎疽环诫S另一方的程度而變化時(shí)，用“the+比較級(jí)(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)),the+比較級(jí)(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ))”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
The harder he works，the happier he feels.
?、莶慌c其它事物相比，表示本身程度的改變時(shí)，用“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
?、弈承┮?or結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用to代替than。(這些詞有inferior，superior，junior，senior，prior等。例如：
He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.
?、咴诒容^從句中為了避免重復(fù)，我們通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如：
The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood.
?、啾硎颈稊?shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:
A) A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.
例如:The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。
(這座新樓比那座舊樓大三倍[高三倍])。
B) A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.例如:
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
(亞洲比歐洲大三倍。)
C) A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider,etc.) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。(你們的學(xué)校是我們學(xué)校的四倍大。)
用 times 表示倍數(shù), 一般只限于表示包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)三倍或三倍以上的數(shù)。表示兩倍可以用 twice 或 double
3)最高級(jí)的用法
?、偃呋蛉咭陨舷啾?，表示最高程度時(shí)，用“the+最高級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。這種句式一般常有表示比較范圍的介詞短語(yǔ)。例如：
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.He works (the) hardest in his class.
②最高級(jí)可被序數(shù)詞以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really,nothing like等詞語(yǔ)所修飾。例如:
This hat is by far/ much/ nearly/ almost / not nearly/by no means/ not quite/nothing like the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat coat?
③表示“最高程度”的形容詞，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，沒(méi)有最高級(jí)，也不能用比較級(jí)。
④形容詞最高級(jí)修飾作表語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)的名詞、代詞時(shí)，被修飾的詞往往省略。He is the tallest (boy) in his class.
?、葑鳡钫Z(yǔ)的副詞最高級(jí)前可以不加定冠詞。例如：
Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.
如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few，不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時(shí)，該用so而不用such。如：
I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.
但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時(shí),仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themslves.
6)almost與nearly
?、賰烧叨伎梢孕揎?all, every, always等詞，都可以用于否定句中。
?、谠趘ery, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如：
I'm not nearly ready.
?、墼赼ny, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如：
I almost never see her.
need 表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如：
You needn't come so early. Need I finish the work today? --Yes, you must.
注意：needn't+不定式的完成式“表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。例如：You needn't have waited for me.
“should+have+過(guò)去分詞”表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到。
You should have started earlier.
“ought to + have + 過(guò)去分詞”表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。
You ought to have helped him (but you didn't)
書(shū)報(bào)的標(biāo)題,小說(shuō)等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
表示感覺(jué),愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如have,be,hear,see,like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
有些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動(dòng)的意思。常見(jiàn)的有可和 well, easily 等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如：
The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。
The new product sells well.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷(xiāo)。
The pen writes well.這支筆很好寫(xiě)。
虛擬語(yǔ)氣在動(dòng)詞 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中用“(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。
例如：We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
注意:insist 作“力言”、“強(qiáng)調(diào)”解時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。只有當(dāng) insist 作“堅(jiān)持(認(rèn)為),”“堅(jiān)持(應(yīng)該)”解時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
在feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice,observe,see, watch,have,let,make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to。例如：I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.
注意：不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.如：
She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：
He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
在 It is no use/good,not any use/good,useless,There is no 等后必須用動(dòng)名詞。
2)作表語(yǔ)。例如：Her job is teaching.
3)作賓語(yǔ)。例如：He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.
注① admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feel like,finish,forgive,give up,imagine,include, keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,risk,suggest, can't help, can't stand(無(wú)法忍受)等動(dòng)詞后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但不能用不定式。
注②forget, go on,like,mean,regret, remember, stop, try等動(dòng)詞可帶動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ),但意義上有區(qū)別。
I remember doing the exercise .(我記得做過(guò)練習(xí)。)
I must remember to do it .(我必須記著做這事。)
I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里。)
I tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次。)]
Stop speaking .(不要講話。)He stopped to talk .(他停下來(lái)講話。)
mean to do 有意... mean doing意味著...
I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些來(lái)。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(誤了這趟火車(chē)意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。)
注③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等動(dòng)詞后直接跟動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用動(dòng)名詞形式,如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ),然后再跟動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),其賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用帶to的不定式。例如：
We don't allow smoking here. We don't allow students to smoke.
注④動(dòng)詞need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動(dòng)詞作它的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),若表示的含義是被動(dòng)的,必須用動(dòng)名詞,或不定式的被動(dòng)式。例如：
The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
注⑤在短語(yǔ)devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to,to be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用動(dòng)名詞形式。例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon.
過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式及完成被動(dòng)式作狀語(yǔ)的比較：
1)過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式都有被動(dòng)意義，有時(shí)兩者無(wú)多大區(qū)別。
例如:(Being) seized with a sudden fear, she gave a scream.
在某些情況下，二者則是有區(qū)別的。例如：
United, we stand; divided, we fall.(條件)
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,強(qiáng)調(diào)寫(xiě)的過(guò)程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式)
2)有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式皆表示已完成的動(dòng)作，在意義上無(wú)多大區(qū)別。例如：
(Having been) weakened by storms, the bridge was no longer safe.
但有時(shí)是有區(qū)別的。例如：
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn't find his way through the jungle.(為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動(dòng)作)
Asked to stay, I couldn't very well refuse.
(這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked, 也可能意味著when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不會(huì)有歧義。)
下面句中過(guò)去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間相同，所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如：
Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地離開(kāi)了房間。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。
3)有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)式與其完成式的被動(dòng)式完全同義，皆表示已完成的動(dòng)作。這時(shí)用一般式的被動(dòng)式較好。例如：Being surrounded (Having been surrounded)the enemy troups were forced to surrender.
前句的謂語(yǔ)是there be,后邊的疑問(wèn)部分也用there be形式。例如：
There is a radio on the table,isn't there? Yes,there is.
前句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 have to /had to 時(shí),其疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用do 的適當(dāng)形式。例如:We have to get up at four tomorrow, don't we?
They had to leave early, didn't they?
前句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為used to 時(shí),其疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可采取兩種形式。
例如:He used to live in London, use(d)n't he /didn't he?
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n't there /didn't there?
前句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是ought to, 則疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用ought /oughtn't 代替。例如:Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
但在正式文體中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?
當(dāng)陳述部分有dare 或need 時(shí),若dare 和need為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)用do 的適當(dāng)形式;若dare 和need 為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,疑問(wèn)部分用dare 或need 構(gòu)成。例如:We need to do it, don't we? You daren't go there, dare you?
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分要根據(jù)must后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)確定,不可用mustn't。若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),疑問(wèn)部分用aren't(isn't)十主語(yǔ),例如：You must be tired,aren't you?
注意:若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句部分則用needn't。
例如：You must go home right now, needn't you?
當(dāng)mustn't 表示禁止時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)部分一般用must。如：
You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
前句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是must have+過(guò)去分詞時(shí),若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)(一般有過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)),疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用didn't+主語(yǔ);若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用haven't(hasn't)+主語(yǔ), 例如：
He must have met her yesterday, didn't he?
You must have seen the film, haven't you?
陳述句謂語(yǔ)部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(shí)(前綴或后綴),疑問(wèn)部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He is unfit for his office, isn't he?
如果陳述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定詞時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old,is he?
如果陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為everyone,someone,no one等不定代詞,其疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)可用he,也可用they,從而疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Everyone knows his job, doesn't he? Everyone knows their job,don't they?
No one was hurt,were they?
如果陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是指示代詞this,that等時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)在形式上與前者不同,但在邏輯上卻與前者一致。例如：This is very important,isn't it?
如果陳述部分是 I'm...結(jié)構(gòu),附加疑問(wèn)部分一般用 aren't I。
例如：I'm late, aren't I?
如果陳述部分以不定式代詞one作主語(yǔ),附加疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)在正式的場(chǎng)合用one,在非正式的場(chǎng)合用you。例如：One can't be too careful,can one(you)?
Have a cup of tea, will you? Let's go there,shall we?
但：Let us go there,will you?
同位語(yǔ)從句跟在名詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。連接詞用that (不用which),及連接副詞how, when, where, why等。例如：
His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
She asked the reason why there was a delay.
關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:
A)在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。例如：
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B)在主語(yǔ)從句中,只有用it作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí),whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如：
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
It hasn't been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
C)在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如：
It all depends (on) whether) they will support us.
D)后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。例如：He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
E)后面緊接or not 時(shí)。例如：We didn't know whether or not she was ready.
F)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,只能用whether。例如：
Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
G)用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)。例如：Please let me know if you like it.
該句有兩個(gè)意思：“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否喜歡”。
或“如果你喜歡,請(qǐng)告訴我?！庇昧藈hether就可以避免。
?、陉P(guān)聯(lián)詞if,whether均可使用的情況如下：
A)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：I wonder if(whether) the news is true or not.
B)在“be+形容詞”之后。 例如：He was not sure whether(if) it is right or wrong.
?、坳P(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether或if,不能用that的情況如下：若doubt一詞作“懷疑”解接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),主句為肯定句用whether或if,主句為否定句或疑問(wèn)句用that。例如：I doubt whether he will come soon.
I do not doubt that he will come soon. Do you doubt that he will come soon?
在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：
1)先行詞是不定代詞：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。
例如：All that we have to do is to practise every day.
2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾。例如：
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3)先行詞被all,any,every, each, few,little,no,some, 等修飾。例如：
I have read all the book [ZZ(Z](that)[ZZ)] you gave me.
4)先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時(shí)。例如:
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。例如：
They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
4.由when,where,why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
I know the reason why he came late.
This is the place where we lived for 5 years.
I will never forget the day when I met Mr.Liu.
注意：先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),有時(shí)用where,有時(shí)用that (which)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。這時(shí)要根據(jù)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。例如：This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
用no sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。主句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句用過(guò)去時(shí);而且主句一般倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞had提到前面。例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
當(dāng)我們要表示“某件事已成”時(shí),應(yīng)用“was (were) able to”,而不能用“could”。例如：He was able to go to the party yesterday evening and he enjoyed himself very much.
倒 裝
英語(yǔ)句子的自然語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在后。把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前,就叫倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果全部謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)之前,叫全部例裝;如果只把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前就叫部分倒裝。倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)通常用于下列場(chǎng)合。
(一)完全倒裝
1.用于there be句型。例如：There are many students in the classroom.
2.用于“here (there,now,then)+不及物動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”的句型中,或以out,in,up,down,away等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子里,以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如：
Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.
Now comes your turn. Out went the children.
注：代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂語(yǔ)序不變。例如：Here it is. Here he comes.
3.當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí),也常常引起全部倒裝。例如:
South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
4.表語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí),倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”。
1)形容詞+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
2)過(guò)去分詞+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
3)介詞短語(yǔ)+be+主語(yǔ)
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
5.用于so,nor,neither開(kāi)頭的句子,表示重復(fù)前句部分內(nèi)容。原句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與前句謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)、形式相一致。例如：He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Li Wei can't answer the question. Neither can I.
6.為了保持句子平衡,或?yàn)榱藦?qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),或使上下文緊密銜接時(shí)。
1)They arrived at a farmhouse,in front of which sat a small boy.
2)Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms.
(二)部分倒裝
1.用于疑問(wèn)句。例如：Do you speak English?
2.用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：
Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.
3.用于“形容詞(或名詞、動(dòng)詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中。例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again.
注意：1)在用as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),也可實(shí)行全部倒裝。例如：Difficult as was the chemistry homework, it was finished in time.
2)如果從句的表語(yǔ)是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。例如：
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
4.用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。例如：
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
5.用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等詞開(kāi)頭的句子。例如：
Never shall I do this again. Little did he know who the woman was.
6.用于以only開(kāi)頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí))。例如：
Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.Only in this way can yo master English.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
如果only后面的詞組不是狀語(yǔ),則不用倒裝。例如：
Only Wang Ling knows this.
7.如果直接引語(yǔ)后注明引語(yǔ)是什么人說(shuō)的,而且主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí),用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu);主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí),一般不用倒裝。例如：“Let's go,” said the man.
8.用于某些表示祝愿的句子。例如：May you succeed!祝你成功!s in.
如果only后面的詞組不是狀語(yǔ),則不用倒裝。例如：
Only Wang Ling knows this.
7.如果直接引語(yǔ)后注明引語(yǔ)是什么人說(shuō)的,而且主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí),用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu);主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí),一般不用倒裝。例如：“Let's go,” said the man.
8.用于某些表示祝愿的句子。例如：May you succeed!祝你成功!
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