雅思寫作復(fù)合句的用法
在雅思寫作中,不能光寫簡單句,也要適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用一些復(fù)合句為自己的文章增加光彩,下面小編就給大家分享一些雅思寫作復(fù)合句的用法。
雅思寫作句型:復(fù)合句的三種類型
(一)名詞性復(fù)合句
31一些人相信向其他國家學(xué)習(xí)將使他們了解自己的信念和傳統(tǒng)。
Some people believe that learning more about other countries often helps you to learn about your own beliefs and traditions.
32我強(qiáng)烈認(rèn)為由于廣告在不同地方不同領(lǐng)域的大量使用將導(dǎo)致人們失去他們獨(dú)特的個(gè)性
I think strongly that because of the extensive use of advertisements on so many different topics in so many different places it does cause people to lose their distinctive personality.
33不難得出這樣一個(gè)結(jié)論,穿某種衣服我們將變得很酷很漂亮有活力和聰明。
It is not difficult to get the conclusion that wearing certain clothing will become cool, beautiful, athletic or intelligent.
34人們晚上害怕出去這一事實(shí),經(jīng)常是感知危險(xiǎn)的結(jié)果而并不是實(shí)際的危險(xiǎn)。
The fact that people are afraid to go out at night is often a result of perceived danger rather than actual danger.
35擁有同樣的電影、音樂、品牌、電視頻道也會(huì)使生活乏味單調(diào),這是顯然的。
It is obvious that having the same films, music, brands, television channels would also make life dull and monotonous.
(二)形容詞性復(fù)合句
36那些想要圖書館在本質(zhì)上保留更多傳統(tǒng)的人們指出高科技設(shè)備的成本問題
Those who want libraries to remain more traditional in nature point to the costs of hi-tech equipment.
37你穿的衣服是表達(dá)你的獨(dú)特性的方式
The clothing that you wear is one way to express your uniqueness.
38他們認(rèn)為這種作法與目前高度尊崇自由與個(gè)性的文明社會(huì)不一致
They think this practice does not coincide with the civilized world in which liberty and individuality are worshiped highly.
39導(dǎo)致這一現(xiàn)象的最直接原因是農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的過度使用,這將使農(nóng)民從土地中解放出來到城市尋找更多的機(jī)會(huì)
The most immediate factor that has give rise to this phenomenon is the extensive use of farming machinery, which has freed more farmers from the land to seek better opportunities in cities.
(三)副詞性復(fù)合句
40因?yàn)閴娜藥專绻觳慌錁屖忻窬秃芪kU(xiǎn)了
As evil people always have guns, it is dangerous for citizens if the police do not carry them.
41由于女性的體質(zhì)不同于男性,她們?cè)谲婈?duì)的激烈競爭中比不過男性
Because women’s physiques are different, they are not so capable as men in the fiercely competitive world of the military.
42如果我們推倒老建筑,我們就破壞了文化遺產(chǎn)和傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值
If we tear down the old building, we are ruining the culture heritage and the traditional values as well.
43記者應(yīng)該相當(dāng)?shù)目陀^,盡管完全客觀是難以達(dá)到的,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都有自己的觀點(diǎn)和意見。
Journalists should be reasonably objective, though complete objectivity will be different to achieve, as everyone has their own opinions and standpoints.
44就象年輕人可以停下工作享受休閑時(shí)光,老年人也應(yīng)該被允許繼續(xù)工作
Just as young people can choose to stop working and enjoy their leisure time, old people should also be allowed to continue working.
雅思寫作復(fù)合句的運(yùn)用
一、 復(fù)合句的種類
英語的復(fù)合句一般分為三大類型:名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。
(一) 名詞性從句
在整個(gè)復(fù)合句中起名詞作用,充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語和同位語等的各種從句,統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。名詞性從句主要有以下幾種:
1. that 引導(dǎo)的從句 e.g. It is reported that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car. (據(jù)報(bào)道,三分之一的廣州市民打算購買私家車。)
2. whether/if 引導(dǎo)的從句 e.g. Whether motorcycles should be banned in Guangzhou has become an issue of controversy.(廣州是否禁摩托車成了有爭議的話題。)
3. how/why/when/where引導(dǎo)的從句 e.g. This essay aims to explore why so many white collar workers suffer from insomnia. (本文將探討為什么這么多白領(lǐng)失眠的原因。)
4. who/whom/whose/what/which引導(dǎo)的從句 e.g. Who should be responsible for the environmental degradation is still unknown.(誰對(duì)環(huán)境惡化負(fù)責(zé)還不清楚。)
(二) 形容詞性從句
具有形容詞功能,在復(fù)合句中做定語的從句被稱之為形容詞性從句或定語從句。被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞被稱為先行詞。形容詞性從句分為兩種類型:
(1)由關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, that, which, as引導(dǎo)的從句。 例如: People who are strongly against human cloning claim that it is immoral and unethical. (強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)克隆人的人們認(rèn)為這樣做不道德和不合倫理)
運(yùn)用復(fù)合句寫好雅思寫作引言段
Well begun is half done,這是大家都耳熟能詳?shù)挠⒄Z諺語。也就是說一個(gè)漂亮的開頭,往往是文章寫作成功的一半。尤其在雅思寫作中,一個(gè)好的開頭,往往能夠在瞬間吸引考官的眼球,留下良好的第一印象。那么,我們?cè)鯓硬拍軐懫恋囊远文?首先,我們要做到開門見山,明確寫作話題和目的。如何才能做到開門見山?我們可以采用以下幾種方式:
1. 采用統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字引出話題,把問題呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前;
2. 提出有爭議性的問題,激發(fā)讀者興趣,使其積極參與討論;
3. 以新穎的觀點(diǎn),吸引讀者注意力;
4. 呈現(xiàn)該話題正反方的觀點(diǎn);
5. 引用名人名言、諺語等作為文章的開頭;
6. 對(duì)將要討論的話題進(jìn)行定義。
其次,要善于運(yùn)用復(fù)合句,從而使引言段簡潔明了,開宗明義。下面我們將探討雅思與新托福各種題材和體裁文章引言段的寫作方法。 引用數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)討論的話題,說明問題的嚴(yán)重性或者重要性,引起讀者的關(guān)注。下面我們結(jié)合幾道雅思和新托福作文話題進(jìn)行實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練。
我們?cè)趯戧P(guān)于體罰的話題文章時(shí),可以這樣開頭:It is reported that a boy in Zhuhai was beaten to death by his father on Father’ Day. Ample evidence also shows that children who are frequently abused by their parents or teachers tend to be introverted, pessimistic, indifferent and even world-weary. Recently, there has arisen a fierce argument on whether corporal punishment should be abolished. Teachers, parents and experts take diverse attitudes towards this issue.(據(jù)報(bào)道,在父親節(jié)那天,珠海有個(gè)小男孩被老爸揍死了。充分的證據(jù)也顯示,經(jīng)常遭父母或老師虐待的小孩往往比較內(nèi)向、悲觀、冷漠甚至厭世。近來,關(guān)于是否應(yīng)該廢除體罰出現(xiàn)了一場(chǎng)激烈的爭論,老師、家長和專家各執(zhí)一詞。)
而我們?cè)趯戧P(guān)于該不該禁煙的話題時(shí),可以這樣開頭:A recent study conducted by Zhongshan University has found that the number of smokers has been increasing sharply over the past five years. Research findings also reveal that the incidence of smoking-related conditions has soared. As a result, the ban on smoking has been in the spotlight. (中山大學(xué)最近做的一個(gè)研究表明,在過去五年里,吸煙者人數(shù)急劇上升。研究結(jié)果同時(shí)顯示,吸煙導(dǎo)致的疾病發(fā)病率也急劇增長。因此,禁煙成了個(gè)熱點(diǎn)話題。)
如何在雅思寫作中巧用各種句式獲得高分
同學(xué)們不難從官網(wǎng)上找到評(píng)分的四項(xiàng)要求,其中有一項(xiàng)“Grammatical Range and Accuracy”,是同學(xué)們覺得比較難提高的。這一項(xiàng)對(duì)于滿分的要求有一條的是“Uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy.” 這一條要求的精髓就在于“wide range of structures”,也就是說同學(xué)們要能夠在寫作中體現(xiàn)出能運(yùn)用各種句式結(jié)構(gòu)的能力,包括簡單句、各類從句、分詞短語、并列句等等。
然而,同學(xué)們?cè)趯憟D表作文的時(shí)候最常碰見的困擾之一就是覺得句型太過單一、單調(diào)。但是只要同學(xué)們按照評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有意識(shí)的去進(jìn)行句式的變化,避免句式的重復(fù)其實(shí)一點(diǎn)也不是難于上青天的事情。
避免句式重復(fù)的第一個(gè)方式就是運(yùn)用英語的各種句式結(jié)構(gòu)。 所謂的英語的句式結(jié)構(gòu),在寫作中其實(shí)只有很有限的四個(gè):簡單句,并列句,復(fù)合句和復(fù)雜句。 小作文中常用的除了簡單句和并列句之外,復(fù)合句是同學(xué)們需要掌握的重點(diǎn)。
1 固定賓語從句
仔細(xì)研究劍橋系列考官的范文,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),小作文中常用的復(fù)合句其實(shí)就是賓語從句,定語從句和狀語從句。
e.g. 舉個(gè)栗子,在《劍8》的Test 2考官范文中的第一句話:
The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years: 1981, 1991 and 2001.
還有《劍7》的Test 2范文中的最后一段:
the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity...
《劍7》的Test 4的最后一段:
it is clear that...
大家不難發(fā)現(xiàn),賓語從句常用在開頭,結(jié)尾或者兩段過渡句的寫作中。
2 翻新定語從句
定語從句是同學(xué)們復(fù)合句中用的最普遍的,也是最容易掌握的句式。但如果想要滿足對(duì)于定語從句的出彩使用 ,同學(xué)們可以參考《劍9》的Test 2范文中第四段的最后一句話:
e.g.《劍9》Test 2 This rise was particularly noticeable between 1990 and 2000, during which time the use of mobile phones tripled.
這里考官并沒有用“常規(guī)”的which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,而是使用了“介詞+關(guān)系詞 ”的方式,使得句子變得高大上了許多。類似的用法在《劍5》的Test 1中最后一段話也有出現(xiàn)。
可以看出比較容易操作的方式是在句子后出現(xiàn)時(shí)間的時(shí)候,使用during which或者by which這樣的結(jié)構(gòu) ,可以將具體圖表變化的趨勢(shì)寫出來,或者可以直接使用關(guān)系副詞中指代時(shí)間的when 。
e.g.《劍8》Test 2 This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget.
3 巧用狀語從句
e.g.《劍7》Test 2 Although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.
這里用了讓步狀語從句來表示位置最低的線,那我們不難得出結(jié)論:在動(dòng)態(tài)圖中,表述最大的數(shù)值或者最高的柱,其實(shí)都可以使用讓步狀語從句。
比如這樣一個(gè)句子Courses made up the largest proportion in factors that influenced students’ choice and its percentage decreased from 40% to 34%.
如果我們使用讓步狀語從句,就可以變成了:Although Courses made up the largest..., its percentage still decreased...這樣,并列句就可以很好的轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語從句了。
e.g.《劍6》Test 3 This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself.
時(shí)間狀語從句是流程圖中常用的句式,還有常用的連接詞為while, since, when, after和before 。
e.g.《劍5》Test 1While the figures for the Western countries grew to about 15% in around 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to only 2.5% for much of this period.
4 合并并列句
在小作文的寫作中,中國學(xué)生最常用到的除了簡單句就是由and或者but, then引導(dǎo)的并列句。那么避免過多并列句重復(fù)的一個(gè)很好的方式就是使用非謂語動(dòng)詞,即:分詞做狀語或者獨(dú)立主格。
《劍7》Test 2中,對(duì)于雞肉這條線的描述,同學(xué)們都會(huì)描述為:雞肉的消耗量顯示出一個(gè)上升的趨勢(shì),并且在1980年超過羊肉,在1989年超過了牛肉。大部分同學(xué)第一反應(yīng)的句子都是:The consumption of chicken showed an upward trend and it overtook lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989.
在這個(gè)句子中,and連接了兩個(gè)并列的簡單句,但兩個(gè)簡單句的主語是一樣的,這個(gè)時(shí)候同學(xué)們就要想到分詞作狀語,省略其中的一個(gè)主語,這個(gè)被省略的主語和它的動(dòng)詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。所以overtook變成現(xiàn)在分詞的形式,那么這句話就合并為:The consumption of chicken showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980...
合并之后的句子既簡潔,也能夠符合歐美人的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,考官當(dāng)然就會(huì)欣然給分。類似的表達(dá)方式還可以在很多的考官范文找到例證。有的同學(xué)可能會(huì)問,如果并列句的主語不一樣呢?
e.g.《劍8》Test 1 These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having a much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation.
在這句話中,兩個(gè)簡單句主語不一樣,考官采用了獨(dú)立主格的方式,將想要置于從屬地位的簡單句主語保留,動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)關(guān)系就變成了現(xiàn)在分詞,然后加上了with,讓原本的并列句馬上顯的高大上,得分自然也就高大上了。
5 主語多樣化
以上的這些改換句式的方式可以很好的起到避免句式重復(fù)的方式,但是如果滿篇都是不同復(fù)合句的堆砌,多少會(huì)顯的文章過于矯情,這個(gè)時(shí)候變換簡單句就能很好的起到調(diào)節(jié)的作用。變換簡單句最直接的方式就是變換主語。英文的主語不同重點(diǎn)也會(huì)發(fā)生變化,所以能夠有效的起到避免重復(fù)的作用。 最常用的變化主語就是there be句型。
e.g.《劍5》Test 1 A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan.
在這個(gè)例句中,考官使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài),并且用了上升的名詞形式做了主語,使得簡單句也變得“不簡單”了。同樣的用法還出現(xiàn)在考官的其他范文中。
e.g.《劍9》Test 2 This rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2000.
最后一個(gè)可以當(dāng)做替換主語的是常常被忽略的時(shí)間段。 比如說1989到2000這一段時(shí)間內(nèi)見證了一個(gè)急劇的上升,這句話就可以寫成“The period of 1989 and 2000 witnessed a sharp increase.” 這樣的話就可以避免了常規(guī)的“上升”句式了。
以上的一些小技巧在考官的范文中都多有出現(xiàn),它們可以有效的避免句式的重復(fù),在語法這一個(gè)方面達(dá)到一些提分的目的。希望同學(xué)們能夠多多練習(xí),達(dá)到靈活運(yùn)用各類句型。文章長短句交錯(cuò),每句話的形式結(jié)構(gòu)恰到好處,為合理傳遞信息表達(dá)思想而服務(wù)。讓小作文在內(nèi)容和語言方面都能綻放光彩。
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