托福閱讀十種題型逐個(gè)解析
托福閱讀題常??嫉降目梢苑譃槭N題型,大家知道是哪些嗎?該怎么做呢?下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀十種題型逐個(gè)解析,希望可以幫助到大家。
托福閱讀的十種題型匯總
1. Factual information questions (事實(shí)信息題)
2. Negative factual information questions (非事實(shí)信息題)
3. Inference questions (推理題)
4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辭目的題)
5. Vocabulary questions (詞匯題)
6. Reference questions (指代題)
7. Sentence simplification questions (句子簡(jiǎn)化題)
8. Insert text question (句子插入題)
9. Prose summary (內(nèi)容摘要題)
10. Fill in a table (表格歸類題)
托福閱讀10種題型剖析
新托福閱讀題型偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)的“新題型”往往會(huì)令許多考生感到茫然和恐慌,不過(guò)新托福考試教師認(rèn)為大家對(duì)“新題型”完全沒(méi)必要害怕,下面教師就將給我們?cè)敿?xì)分析新托福閱讀考試OG中沒(méi)出現(xiàn)的各種“新題型”。
其實(shí)這些新題型并不是進(jìn)入2009年,2010年以或者是2011年新出現(xiàn)的題型。這些題型其實(shí)是新托福考試自從誕生之日起,就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了的托福閱讀題型,但是由于ETS的官方指南一直沒(méi)有將這部分題型列入其中,因此是等到“新托福突破口——TPO”出現(xiàn)之后,才慢慢被人們知曉的,在這之前,只有傳言,但是都是捕風(fēng)捉影。
新托??荚嘜G列出了閱讀的10種題型:
1. Factual information questions (純粹細(xì)節(jié))
2. Negative factual information questions (否定細(xì)節(jié))
3. Inference questions (推理題)
4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辭目的題)
5. Vocabulary questions (詞匯題)
6. Reference questions (指代題)
7. Sentence simplification questions (句子簡(jiǎn)化題)
8. Insert text question (句子插入題)
9. Prose summary (內(nèi)容摘要題)
10. Fill in a table (表格歸類題)
但實(shí)際上,新托??荚囬喿x當(dāng)中還考了一些OG中沒(méi)列舉出來(lái)的題目:
一.段間關(guān)系概括題:這種題目要求考生概括出2個(gè)自然段間的邏輯關(guān)系。比如說(shuō)《THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION》這篇文章的第6題。
6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph2 and Paragraph3?
Paragraph2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in Paragraph3
Paragraph2 poses several questions, and Paragraph3offers a possible answer to one of them
Paragraph2 presents outdated traditional views, while Paragraph3presents the current scientific conclusions.
Paragraph2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in Paragraph3
二.修辭手法題:這種題目是修辭目的的變體。OG中大多數(shù)題目只考察一個(gè)詞組的修辭目的,而實(shí)際考試會(huì)對(duì)一句話甚至整段話的修辭目的進(jìn)行考察。一個(gè)是考修辭對(duì)象,一個(gè)是考修辭的手段。比如說(shuō),《Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction》這篇文章第2題:
2. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?
To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record
To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous
To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster
三.段落結(jié)構(gòu)題:這里題目考查的是文章段落的構(gòu)架,可以算是新題型。比如:《THE ORIGINS OF THEATER》這篇文章的第9題,
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
The author points out problems with two popular theories.
四. 段落主題題:這種題目考查的是整個(gè)段落的主題,可以說(shuō)是老托福閱讀段落主題題的延續(xù):
比如《Petroleum Resources》這篇文章的12題:
12.In paragraph 6, the author’s primary purpose is to
Provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment
Describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress
Give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment
Explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills
五. 雙選題:其實(shí)不僅僅在聽(tīng)力考試之中有雙選題,閱讀考試之中也是有雙選題的,只是ETS有可能覺(jué)得這點(diǎn)并不重要,因此沒(méi)有通知偶們,例子請(qǐng)見(jiàn):《The Geologic History of the Mediterranean》這篇文章第5題。
5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
Volcanic rock fragments.
This silt layers
Soft, deep-sea mud
Crystalline salt
以及《THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN》這篇文章第11題:
11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
The prosperity of the elite
Plenty of available housing
Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment
The presence of one or more religious shrines
除此以外,OG對(duì)于新托??荚囬喿x題型的呈現(xiàn)方法也與真實(shí)考試有一定距離,如:
一.細(xì)節(jié)題的閱讀跨度:OG中大多數(shù)題目只考一段,但是實(shí)際考試會(huì)有一道題目考2段、甚至是3段的情況。比如《GROUNDWATER》這篇文章的第10題:
10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
It is unusually solid
It often has high porosity.
It has a low proportion of empty space.
It is highly permeable.
二.句子改寫題的句子復(fù)雜性:真實(shí)考題比OG中的句子改寫題要長(zhǎng)很多,而且邏輯關(guān)系也更復(fù)雜。
三.指代題:OG指代題考得不少,真實(shí)考試指代題考得很少。
四.選項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)度:真題的選項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)度長(zhǎng)很多。
五.細(xì)節(jié)題題干關(guān)鍵字沒(méi)有在原文直接給出。這讓考生定位細(xì)節(jié)難度大幅度增加。不過(guò)說(shuō)句公道話,其實(shí)在老托??荚嚲鸵呀?jīng)這樣了,并不是在新托??荚囍歇?dú)有的。比如《Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer》這篇文章的第11題。
11.Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?
Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.
Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.
Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.
Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
六. 文章的復(fù)雜程度:這個(gè)也不用說(shuō)了,OG的文章結(jié)構(gòu)性非常明顯,就好像看CCAV的新聞聯(lián)播一樣;真實(shí)考試的文章結(jié)構(gòu)糾結(jié)多了,就好像看本屆世界杯一樣。比如:《The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems》和《Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast》這兩篇文章。
新托福閱讀題型部分其實(shí)并不存在真的所謂“新題型”,這些題型也是有規(guī)律可循的,考生們?cè)趥淇紩r(shí)多加注意就沒(méi)什么值得害怕的。
托福閱讀十種題型小總結(jié)
(一)題量占比大的題型:詞匯題,細(xì)節(jié)題
這兩種題型在咱們的托福閱讀中每篇都能達(dá)到3-6個(gè)題,兩種題型總的占題量可以達(dá)到總托福閱讀題量的一半以上(這還未包括否定細(xì)節(jié)題),所以對(duì)于同學(xué)們來(lái)說(shuō)閱讀要想在16-18分的話,這兩種題型是幫助你們得分的關(guān)鍵,所以在今后的學(xué)習(xí)中一定要先把這兩種題型掌握好。
(二) 題目分值大的題型:文章總結(jié)題,表格題
文章總結(jié)題每篇是兩分,而表格題則是三分或是四分每篇。當(dāng)然現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)頻率較高的還是文章總結(jié)題,雖然相比較表格題來(lái)說(shuō)文章總結(jié)題只有兩分每篇,但難度上相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)要比表格題大一點(diǎn)。如果同學(xué)們想要托福閱讀上20分的話這種題型是一定要擅長(zhǎng)做的。所以就需要我們平時(shí)對(duì)文章框架結(jié)構(gòu)方面進(jìn)行大量的練習(xí)。大家可以把TPO托福閱讀文章按照不同背景知識(shí)挑選出20篇文章來(lái)進(jìn)行認(rèn)真閱讀,對(duì)每篇文章的每個(gè)段落都進(jìn)行一下概況和總結(jié),然后再對(duì)著文章總結(jié)題進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)木毩?xí)。
(三)題型解法相關(guān)的題型:
(1)細(xì)節(jié)題(包括否細(xì)題)與推斷題:這兩種題型在解法上都是需要對(duì)題干進(jìn)行定位(否定細(xì)節(jié)題有可能會(huì)針對(duì)題目選項(xiàng)來(lái)定位),定位之后在原文中找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的詞,最后得出答案,推斷題僅僅是在最后得出答案的這一步中稍微需要大家進(jìn)行一下推斷而已。
(2)修辭目的題與文章總結(jié)題:兩種題型都需要找文章的某個(gè)段落的主旨句或是主要論據(jù),所以如果在做題遇到修辭目的題的時(shí)候,大家需要在頭腦中記一下這種題的答案,因?yàn)楹苡锌赡芫褪俏恼驴偨Y(jié)題中會(huì)出現(xiàn)的正確選項(xiàng)。
(3)指代題與句子插入題 :這兩種題型之間解法的相似性當(dāng)然就是當(dāng)出現(xiàn)代詞的題目的時(shí)候,句子插入題需要按照指代題的解法思路來(lái)破題了。
(四)節(jié)省時(shí)間的題:詞匯題
對(duì)于咱們托福閱讀來(lái)說(shuō),我們需要平均20分鐘之內(nèi)讀完一篇800字左右的學(xué)術(shù)文章,并且還要做出14道左右的題。如何可以節(jié)省時(shí)間,把時(shí)間放到費(fèi)時(shí)的題上的方法只有節(jié)省詞匯題了。因?yàn)閷?duì)于大多數(shù)的詞匯題來(lái)說(shuō),只要認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞往往就可以直接選擇答案,所以這就需要我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)對(duì)單詞進(jìn)行多多的積累,適當(dāng)了解一些單詞的熟詞僻意,盡量不要在詞匯題中浪費(fèi)大量時(shí)間。
(五)可能會(huì)花費(fèi)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的題:
(1)文章總結(jié)題(表格題):這種題型總是出現(xiàn)在每篇文章的最后一題,而且需要看的文字還是最多的。當(dāng)計(jì)時(shí)器的時(shí)間在一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)溜走的時(shí)候,往往我們因?yàn)榫o張而無(wú)法專心的去讀選項(xiàng)中的句子,導(dǎo)致我們會(huì)盯著電腦屏幕進(jìn)入最后的發(fā)呆狀態(tài)。最后的結(jié)果往往是花費(fèi)了大量時(shí)間但 此題的得分確很低。所以這就需要我們平時(shí)在做題的時(shí)候 一定要計(jì)時(shí),習(xí)慣那種所剩時(shí)間不多又需要集中精力的那種狀態(tài)。
(2)句子簡(jiǎn)化題:這種題之所以會(huì)進(jìn)入到花費(fèi)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的題目之列,完全是因?yàn)榭紤]到很多同學(xué)懼怕長(zhǎng)難句的原因。對(duì)做此題同學(xué)們的感受就是好不容易讀懂的劃線的句子,但一看選項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)還有四個(gè)超長(zhǎng)的句子在等待著我們?nèi)プx,當(dāng)時(shí)就會(huì)有種立馬要放棄的感覺(jué)。針對(duì)這種題型,我建議大家第一需要在平時(shí)多讀一些長(zhǎng)難句,往往同學(xué)們讀不懂長(zhǎng)難句是因?yàn)槲覀兤綍r(shí)對(duì)這種句子讀的少,所以多讀是第一點(diǎn)。第二呢就是在練習(xí)這種題的時(shí)候多去留心下句中的邏輯詞,通過(guò)句中的邏輯詞可以幫我們排除掉句中的非主要信息,從而加快閱讀速度。
(3)句子插入題 :這種題型同學(xué)們會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間的原因往往是因?yàn)榧敝ツ弥渥油膫€(gè)方框里面來(lái)套,在還未完全搞清楚這句話的時(shí)候。所以做這種題的時(shí)候大家一定要先仔細(xì)的讀懂需要插入的句子的意思,搞明白了這句話的前后邏輯再去看四個(gè)方框的時(shí)候就能夠比較快的找到這句話的位置了。
好了,總結(jié)了一下這十種題型的相互之間的關(guān)系希望同學(xué)們可以針對(duì)自己的弱項(xiàng)在平時(shí)進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的練習(xí)。
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