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       BEC閱讀全真試題：Problems in the IT industry

　　Problems in the IT industry

　　In the information technology industry, it is widelyacknowledged that how well IT departments of the future canfulfil their business goals will depend not on the regular updatingof technology, which is essential for them to do, but on how wellthey can hold on to the people skilled at manipulating thenewest technology. This is becoming more difficult. Bestestimates of the current shortfall in IT staff in the UK arebetween 30,000 and 50,000, and growing. 　　And there is no end to the problem in sight. A severe industry-wide lack of investment intraining means the long-term skills base is both ageing and shrinking. Employers are chasingexperienced staff in ever-decreasing circles, and, according to a recent government report, 250,000 new IT jobs will be created over the next decade.

　　Most employers are confining themselves to dealing with the immediate problems. There is littleevidence, for example, that they are stepping up their intake of raw recruits for in-house training,or retraining existing staff from other functions. This is the course of action recommended by theComputer Software Services Association, but research shows its members are adopting the short-term measure of bringing in more and more consultants on a contract basis. However, thisapproach is becoming less and less acceptable as the general shortage of skills, coupled with highdemand, sends contractor rates soaring. An experienced contract programmer, for example, cannow earn at least double the current permanent salary.

　　With IT professionals increasingly attracted to the financial rewards and flexibility ofconsultancy work, average staff turnover rates are estimated to be around 15%. While manycompanies in the financial services sector are managing to contain their losses by offering skilled ITstaff 'golden handcuffs' - deferred loyalty bonuses that tie them in until a certain date - otherorganisations, like local governments, are unable to

　　match the competitive salaries and perks onoffer in the private sector and contractor market, and are suffering turnover rates of up to 60% ayear.

　　But while loyalty bonuses have grabbed the headlines, there are other means of holding on tostaff. Some companies are doing additional IT pay reviews in the year and paying marketpremiums. But such measures can create serious employee relations problems among thoseexcluded, both within and outside IT departments. Many industry experts advise employers to linkbonuses to performance wherever possible. However, employers are realising that bonuses will onlysucceed if they are accompanied by other incentives such as attractive career prospects, training,and challenging work that meets the individual's long-term ambitions.

　　This means managers need to allocate assignments more strategically and think aboutadvancing their staff as well as their business. Some employers advocate giving key employeesprojects that would normally be handled by people with slightly more experience or capability. Formany employers, however, the urgency of the problem demands a more immediate solution, suchas recruiting skilled workers from overseas. But even this is not easy, with strict quotas on thenumber of work permits issued. In addition, opposition to the recruitment of IT people from othercountries is growing, as many professionals believe it will lead to even less investment in trainingand thus a long-term weakening of the UK skills base.

　　13 According to the first paragraph, the success of iT departments will depend on

　　A their success at retaining their skilled staff.

　　B the extent to which they invest in new technology.

　　C their attempts to recruit staff with the necessary skills.

　　D the ability of employees to keep up with the latest developments.

　　14 A problem referred to in the second paragraph is that

　　A the government needs to create thousands of new IT posts.

　　B the pool of skilled IT people will get even smaller in the future.

　　C company budgets for IT training have been decreasing steadily.

　　D older IT professionals have not had adequate training.

　　15 What possible solution to the long-term problems in the IT industry is referred to inthe third paragraph?

　　A ensure that permanent staff earn the same as contract staff

　　B expand company training programmes for new and old employees

　　C conduct more research into the reasons for staff leaving

　　D offer top rates to attract the best specialist consultants

　　16 In some businesses in the financial services sector, the IT staffing problem has led to

　　A cash promises for skilled staff after a specified period of time.

　　B more employees seeking alternative employment in the public sector.

　　C the loss of customers to rival organisations.

　　D more flexible conditions of work for their staff.

　　17 Employers accept that IT professionals are more likely to stay in their present post ifthey

　　A are set more realistic performance targets.

　　B have a good working relationship with staff in other departments.

　　C are provided with good opportunities for professional development.

　　D receive a remuneration package at top market rates.

　　18 According to the final paragraph, the UK skills base will be weakened by

　　A changes to managers' strategic thinking.

　　B insufficient responsibility being given to IT staff.

　　C the employment of IT staff with too little experience.

　　D the hiring of IT personnel from abroad.

　　商務(wù)英語中級考試高頻詞匯集錦1

　　1、絕對優(yōu)勢(Absolute advantage)

　　如果一個國家用一單位資源生產(chǎn)的某種產(chǎn)品比另一個國家多，那么，這個國家在這種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上與另一國相比就具有絕對優(yōu)勢。

　　2、逆向選擇(Adversechoice)

　　在此狀況下，保險公司發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的客戶中有太大的一部分來自高風(fēng)險群體。

　　3、選擇成本(Alternative cost)

　　如果以最好的另一種方式使用的某種資源，它所能生產(chǎn)的價值就是選擇成本，也可以稱之為機(jī)會成本。

　　4、需求的弧彈性( Arc elasticityof demand)

　　如果P1和Q1分別是價格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 為第二組值，那么，弧彈性就等于

　　-(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2)

　　5、非對稱的信息(Asymmetricinformation)

　　在某些市場中，每個參與者擁有的信息并不相同。例如，在舊車市場上，有關(guān)舊車質(zhì)量的信息，賣者通常要比潛在的買者知道得多。

　　6、平均成本(Average cost)

　　平均成本是總成本除以產(chǎn)量。也稱為平均總成本。

　　7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost)

　　平均固定成本是總固定成本除以產(chǎn)量。

　　8、平均產(chǎn)品(Average product)

　　平均產(chǎn)品是總產(chǎn)量除以投入品的數(shù)量。

　　9、平均可變成本(Average variablecost)

　　平均可變成本是總可變成本除以產(chǎn)量。

　　10、投資的β(Beta)

　　β度量的是與投資相聯(lián)的不可分散的風(fēng)險。對于一種股票而言，它表示所有現(xiàn)行股票的收益發(fā)生變化時，一種股票的收益會如何敏感地變化。

　　11、債券收益(Bond yield)

　　債券收益是債券所獲得的利率。

　　12、收支平衡圖(Break-even chart)

　　收支平衡圖表示一種產(chǎn)品所出售的總數(shù)量改變時總收益和總成本是如何變化的。收支平衡點是為避免損失而必須賣出的最小數(shù)量。

　　13、預(yù)算線(Budget line)

　　預(yù)算線表示消費者所能購買的商品X和商品Y的數(shù)量的全部組合。它的斜率等于商品X的價格除以商品Y的價格再乘以一1。

　　14、捆綁銷售(Bundling)

　　捆綁銷售指這樣一種市場營銷手段，出售兩種產(chǎn)品的廠商，要求購買其中一種產(chǎn)品的客戶，也要購買另一種產(chǎn)品。

　　商務(wù)英語中級考試高頻詞匯集錦2

　　compensate v. 補(bǔ)償。酬報

　　短語compensate somebody for loss 賠償某人損失

　　例Management compensated us for the time we worked.

　　資方補(bǔ)償我們工作時間的報酬。

　　The company compensates her for extra work.

　　公司因她的額外工作而給她報酬。

　　compensation n. ①補(bǔ)償，賠償 ②酬金

　　短語in compensation for 以……為報酬/賠償

　　make compensation for 補(bǔ)償/賠償……

　　compensation trade 補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易

　　make compensation for somebody's losses 補(bǔ)償某人的損失

　　例Equal compensation should be given to men and women for equal work.

　　男女應(yīng)同工同酬。

　　The airline passenger demanded compensation for the loss of all her luggage.

　　該飛機(jī)乘客要求賠償她所丟失的全部行李。

　　She was given $3,000- in compensation.

　　她獲得3,00美元的賠償金。

　　compete v. 比賽，競爭

　　短語compete with/against sb. for sth. 與某人競爭而獲得某物

　　例Japan competed with other countries for world market.

　　日本與其他國家競爭國際市場。

　　competition n. 比賽，競爭

　　短語keep trade competition between 在……之間保持劇烈的貿(mào)易競爭

　　fair competition 公平競爭

　　horizontal competition 同業(yè)競爭

　　例The competition has cornered the market.

　　競爭對手已壟斷了市場。

　　competitor n. 競爭者，對手

　　例Competitors in the book trade did their best to undercut each other's prices.

　　圖書市場的競爭者們競相壓價。

　　This firm is one of our biggest competitors.

　　這家商行是我們最強(qiáng)的競爭對手之一。

　　商務(wù)英語中級考試高頻詞匯集錦3

　　1、自由資源(Free resource)

　　自由資源是指特別富裕以致在零價格就可以獲得的資源。

　　2、一般均衡分析(General equilibrium analysis)

　　一般均衡分析是指(與局部均衡分析相反)把各種市場和價格的相互作用都考慮進(jìn)去的分析。

　　3、吉芬反論(Giffen`s paradox)

　　吉芬反論是指商品的需求量與價格成正向關(guān)系這樣一種狀況。當(dāng)劣質(zhì)商品價格的替代效應(yīng)并不足以抵消收人效應(yīng)時就會發(fā)生這樣的情況。

　　4、隱成本(Implicit cost)

　　使用企業(yè)所有者擁有的資源(諸如他的時間與資本)的選擇成本就是隱成本。

　　5、收入補(bǔ)償?shù)男枨笄€(Income-compensated demand curve)

　　收入補(bǔ)償?shù)男枨笄€表示，當(dāng)消費者的收入調(diào)整到不論價格如何都可以購買最初的市場籃子，這時在每一種價格下消費者所需求的商品的數(shù)量有多少。

　　6、收入--消費曲線(Income-consumption curve)

　　收入一消費曲線是把代表與全部可能的消費者貨幣收入相應(yīng)的均衡市場籃子的點連接而成的一條曲線。這種曲線可以用于推導(dǎo)恩格爾曲線。

　　7、收入效應(yīng)(Income effect)

　　收入效應(yīng)是指，所有價格不變時完全由于消費者滿足水平的變化所引起的商品X的需求量的改變。

　　8、需求的收入彈性(income elasticity of demand)

　　需求的收入彈性是指，當(dāng)價格保持不變時消費者收入發(fā)生1%的變化時，所引起的需求數(shù)量變化的百分比。

　　9、成本遞增的產(chǎn)業(yè)(Increasing-cost industry)

　　成本遞增的行業(yè)是指具有向上傾斜的長期供給曲線的行業(yè)，它的擴(kuò)大會引起投入品價格的上升。

　　10、規(guī)模收益遞增(increasing returns to scale)

　　如果所有投入品的數(shù)量都以相同的百分?jǐn)?shù)增加，并導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量增加的百分?jǐn)?shù)大于該百分?jǐn)?shù)，就是規(guī)模收益遞增的。

　　11、無差異曲線(Indifference curve)

　　無差異曲線表示對消費者沒有區(qū)別的市場籃子的點的軌跡。

　　12、劣質(zhì)商品(Inferior good)

　　劣質(zhì)商品是指其收入效應(yīng)使得實際收人增加導(dǎo)致需求量減少的商品。

　　13、創(chuàng)新(Innovation)

　　當(dāng)一項發(fā)明第一次使用時，我們稱之為創(chuàng)新。

　　14、投入品(Input)

　　生產(chǎn)過程中所使用的任何資源都是投入品。

　　15、利率(lnterest rate)

　　如果他借出1美元一年，一年后借出者收到的貼水為利率。如果利率為r，他一年后將收到(1+r)美元。

　　16、中間品(Intermediate good)

　　中間品是指用于生產(chǎn)其他商品和服務(wù)的產(chǎn)品。

　　17、內(nèi)部收益率(Internal rate of return)

　　內(nèi)部收益率是使一項投資項目的凈現(xiàn)金流的現(xiàn)值等于項目投資支出的利率。

　　18、投資(Investment)

　　投資是指創(chuàng)造新資產(chǎn)的過程。

　　19、投資需求曲線(Investment demand curve)

　　投資需求曲線表示投資的總數(shù)量與額外1美元投資的收益率之間的關(guān)系。

　　20、等成本曲線(Isocost curve)

　　等成本曲線表示一個固定的總支出所能得到的各種投入品組合。

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