托福寫作因果論證范文
在托福寫作中，有一種方法是因果論證法，這種方法在很多寫作題目上都是非常有用的，那么今天就為大家?guī)硗懈懽?因果論證范文，告訴大家怎樣用因果論證法。
托福寫作 因果論證范文
一、因果論證：
原因論證：解釋分論點句成立的原因，可以是一個現(xiàn)象，或者具體的客觀事實。
結(jié)果論證：解釋分論點會帶來哪些影響，可以是正面影響，也可以是負面影響。
e.g. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Living in a big city is better than living in a small town.
Thesis： 住大城市比住小鎮(zhèn)上好
通常，分論點就是找中心論點的優(yōu)點，那么中心論點是住在城里好，那分論點就是住在城里的具體好處。
分論點1：城市里有更多的就業(yè)機會。
原因論證：解釋為什么城里會有更多的就業(yè)機會。因為城市的經(jīng)濟普遍比鄉(xiāng)下發(fā)達，公司更多，可以提供的就業(yè)崗位也就更多。
結(jié)果論證：解釋城市里有更多的就業(yè)機會為什么是個好事?？梢允?，更多的工作選擇和更好的薪水，給家人更好的生活等。
分論點2：城里交通更方便
原因論證：解釋為什么城里會有更多的就業(yè)機會。因為城市的經(jīng)濟普遍比鄉(xiāng)下發(fā)達，公司更多，可以提供的就業(yè)崗位也就更多。
結(jié)果論證：解釋城市里有更多的就業(yè)機會為什么是個好事?？梢允?，更多的工作選擇和更好的薪水，給家人更好的生活等。
分論點3：城里學校更好
原因論證：解釋為什么城里會有更多的就業(yè)機會。因為城市的經(jīng)濟普遍比鄉(xiāng)下發(fā)達，公司更多，可以提供的就業(yè)崗位也就更多。
結(jié)果論證：解釋城市里有更多的就業(yè)機會為什么是個好事?？梢允?，更多的工作選擇和更好的薪水，給家人更好的生活等。
常用連接詞：老師們在這里需要向?qū)W生們講解清楚不同詞性的連接詞的不同用法，不然學生還是會混淆。
連詞：…because/since/as… ,
介詞： Due to/ owing to/ because of /thanks to…
副詞：Consequently, As a consequence, thus , hence .............., therefore, as a result, interestingly， fortunately, unfortunately, surprisingly, unsurprisingly.
動詞詞組：lead to ...result in ...give rise to ...contribute to ... so that..............目的狀語連接詞
句式： The reason why … is that …
… be related/linked to …
… be associated/connected with …
… contribute to/ give rise to …
題目1：生態(tài)問題正在被惡化,因此,我們必須采取措施解決環(huán)境問題.
范文1：The ecological problems are being aggravated; therefore, it is imperative that we take measures to combat the pollution of the environment.
題目2：政府應該提高公眾的環(huán)保意識,以此來促進可持續(xù)發(fā)展并且創(chuàng)造一個更適合人類生存的環(huán)境.
范文2：The government should raise the public awareness of environmental preservation, thereby promoting sustainable development and creating a more livable environment.
題目3：Many people use distance-learning programs (study material post, TV, Internet, etc) to study at home, but some think that it cannot bring as benefits as attending college or university.
To what extent to you agree or disagree with this opinion?
解析：屬于半支持半反對類型：
主體段一：提出反對理由 寫distance learning 的好處(Benefits)
主體段二：提出支持理由 寫 distance learning 的壞處之一(Problem1)
主體段三：提出支持理由 寫 distance learning 的壞處之二(Problem2)
范文3：(主體段二)
【主題句】Despite the convenience and relatively low cost of distance learning, it would be wise for us to consider it downside.【支持1】One of the biggest problems is that it cannot create an environment that is conducive to the students’ learning process, especially the much-needed interaction with their professors and classmates.【支持2】This may result in a terrible sense of disconnection and even social isolation among the learners.【支持3】In comparison, attending college or university is a more pleasant and exciting experience for young students as they can combine academic learning with a wide variety of social and extracurricular activities.
盡管遠程學習方便且成本較低，但明智的選擇還是對我們來說是不利的?！局С?】最大的問題之一是它不能創(chuàng)造出一個有利于學生學習過程的環(huán)境，尤其是對學生而言。 【支持2】這可能會導致學習者之間的分離感和社會隔離感極強?！局С?】相比，上大學對大學來說是一種更愉快和令人興奮的體驗 青年學生，因為他們可以將學術(shù)學習與各種各樣的社交和課外活動相結(jié)合。
備注：本段寫作模式為“1+3”，即一個主題句+三個支持句。【主題句】以despite為引導的讓步狀語從句開始，總結(jié)主體段一中分析的好處，可視為“轉(zhuǎn)折法”;【支持1】為“遞進法”;【支持2】為“指代法”+“因果法”;【支持3】采用了“對比法”。
托福寫作解析:因果論證句怎么寫
寫作中最主要的三種句型：因果論證句、比較對比句和假設條件句。下面就來看一下因果論證句具體該怎么寫!
因果論證句
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
There's no need for the government to help those who can help themselves.
One of the major reasons why some individuals are reluctant to seek help from the government is that people have formed the impression that the officials are too busy to care about their private matters.
why后面是結(jié)果，一個完整的句子.
People will reduce car use in 20 years.
One of the reasons why the use of private cars can and will be reduced in 20 years time is that diversified measures a being taken by the government to limit the use of cars.
Today's parents do not understand their children as well as parents did 50 years ago.
The complexity and diversity in the modern world may be a major contributor to generation gaps.
托福獨立寫作“無話可說”怎么辦
當我們開始準備托福獨立寫作的時候，很多考生會面臨著一個問題，就是“無話可說”，特別是如果遇到一個自己不熟悉的題目，加之時間又緊，頭腦就一片空白了，想到的也只是空泛的東西。在這種情況下，即使是中文也難以寫好，更談何用英語去表達呢。
對此辦法就是要善于聯(lián)想到一些具體的事實、具體的例證以及具體的現(xiàn)象。那么問題來了，具體的事實、具體的例證以及具體的現(xiàn)象到底有哪些呢?考生們的內(nèi)心是崩潰的，人生過于平淡，閱歷太少，書到用時方恨少，那么考生們該如何來準備這些具體的例子呢?
我們就拿《北極星》教材為例，來給大家分析一下如何從平常的閱讀中積累托福寫作素材～
寫作真題
2008.8.3/2007.6.9 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In twenty years’ time, people will lead a more leisurely life.
寫作思路
Main point: Disagree
Sub point1:工作壓力比現(xiàn)在更大。
Sub point2:環(huán)境問題更為嚴重。
Sub point3:任何事物更新?lián)Q代的速度更快，意味著20年之后我們需要不斷的學習，更加努力的去適應時代的發(fā)展，不被時代所淘汰，所以不是更休閑了，而是更累了。
話題相關(guān)內(nèi)容
第三版北極星4 Unit5 ----Longevity: Too Much of a Good Thing?
相關(guān)文章
A doubled lifespan
If scientists could create a pill that let you live twice as long while remaining free of infirmities, would you take it?
If one considers only the personal benefits that longer life would bring, the answer might seem like a no-brainer : People could spend more quality time with loved ones; watch future generations grow up; learn new languages; master new musical instruments; try different careers or travel the world.
……
The workplace
For most people, living longer will inevitably mean more time spent working. Careers will necessarily become longer, and the retirement age will have to be pushed back, not only so individuals can support themselves, but to avoid overtaxing a nation’s social security system.
…
But such changes would carry their own set of dangers, critics say. Competition for jobs would become fiercer as “mid-life re-trainees” beginning new careers vie with young workers for a limited number of entry-level positions. Especially worrisome is the problem of workplace mobility, Callahan said. “If you have people staying in their jobs for 100 years, that is going to make it really tough for young people to move in and get ahead,” Callahan explained.
講解如何運用
同學們注意，以上內(nèi)容給了我們非常好的素材(尤其是標綠部分)。當我們要證明sub point1. 工作壓力比現(xiàn)在更大。你能想到用什么方法來有效的論證呢?Maybe你會說以后大家都是高學歷者(well-educated)，那么工作的競爭壓力自然會更大。這個理由大部分同學都能想得到，那么怎么讓你的素材比較novel? 趕緊學學以上段落吧!!!
20年后我們會變得更加長壽，這就意味著我們的退休年齡push back了，在這種年輕人不斷進入職場，而年長者延遲退休的情況下，是不是競爭壓力要更大了呢?同時篇章中許多expressions是我們都可以學習的，eg. mid-life re-trainees人到中年再就業(yè)者;a limited number of entry-level positions有限的招聘崗位;
寫作真題
2015.10.11 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is a waste of money for government to fund space travel and exploration.
寫作思路
Main point: Disagree
Sub point1: 目前地球存在的問題：環(huán)境污染越發(fā)嚴重，能源日益減少，人口激增等。所以我們有必要去探索宇宙，找到新的居住地，發(fā)現(xiàn)新能源。
Sub point2: Space exploration是非常practical的一項投資，不能說是a waste of money.
Sub point3: 誠然當今社會還有很多沒有解決的問題需要政府來處理。這些問題可能比宇宙探索、旅行迫切多了，但是這并不意味著政府做這件事情就是浪費錢。因為如果政府不做就沒有人有這個能力了。
話題相關(guān)內(nèi)容
第四版北極星3 Unit3----Exploring the Red Planet
相關(guān)文章
MARS: OUR NEW HOME?
If you think you’d like to live on Mars, you may have that possibility by 2023. A Dutch company called Mars One will soon advertise for people interested in colonizing Mars. If you have all the necessary skills—and there are a lot—you could be one of the first colonists to Mars. Are you ready for the challenge?
…
As a future colonist in one of the six teams, you will go through years of training. If your team is the first team to travel to Mars, your main responsibility when you get there will be to build a place where humans can live. The atmosphere on Mars does not have enough oxygen for humans, and the land is not good enough to grow food. Colonists will have to create an artificial environment on Mars where there is air to breathe and land to farm. Scientists know Earth-like conditions can be simulated on Mars because something similar has already been done in Antarctica, where humans cannot survive outside the created environment.(對火星環(huán)境的具體描述&科學家們?nèi)绾螌⑵涓脑斓倪m合人類居住。)
Humans may have another problem in space as well. It takes nearly a year to get to Mars, so travelers would be without the Earth’s gravity for a long time. In addition, Mars One astronauts will not return to Earth. Their mission is to start a colony that can support itself. So, the colonists will live the rest of their lives there. When a human lives in an environment without gravity or with low gravity for a long time, the systems in the body weaken. For example, muscles and bones lose strength. The heart also gets weaker. The blood in the body gets thicker, and it becomes more difficult for the heart to push blood through the body. Luckily, spinning the spaceship can create artificial gravity, and artificial gravity can ease these problems.(針對情況：我們的身體可能會遇到挑戰(zhàn)，例如失重。)
It also will be difficult for Mars colonists to be isolated, far from home, living in small spaces, and seeing the same people over and over. It is important to come up with solutions to possible problems before anyone actually goes on a Mars mission. Colonists with depression could put the mission in danger. Fortunately, a few years ago, a joint Russian and European project called the Mars500 Mission took place. It studied people’s reactions to long-term space travel by following six astronauts in a Mars-like environment. The astronauts spent 520 days in this environment and only had contact with their bosses and their families. The six astronauts “returned” to the Earth in good physical condition—and still talking to each other. Scientists viewed the Mars500 Mission as a great success because they were able to see how the astronauts handle emotional and physical stresses. Surprisingly, the greatest emotional problem was boredom. The greatest physical problems were not getting enough sleep and gaining too much weight. (針對情況：在太空中我們的心理可能會遇到什么挑戰(zhàn)，會不會出現(xiàn)心理疾病呢…)
講解如何運用
關(guān)于這個話題，同學們腦海中應該會浮現(xiàn)中一幅幅宇宙探索的畫面，例如近期的《火星救援》(The Martian)相信大家在這個話題上比較能達成共識，那就是政府花錢探索宇宙并非浪費錢的一種行為。
但是如何解釋清楚呢?思路已經(jīng)給大家了?，F(xiàn)在我們回到[Sub point2: Space exploration是非常practical的一項投資，不能說是a waste of money.]
同學們想一下，當我們要證明宇宙探索的實效性、是有前景的，是不是應該展現(xiàn)給考官一個畫面：在探索宇宙的過程中政府正在克服一個個unavoidable 困難，政府正在為尋找下一個家園而努力著，所以怎么能叫浪費錢呢?!
想清楚這點之后，不夠哦!接下來怎么寫呢?探索宇宙過程中具體會遇到什么難題呢?又是如何去解決的呢?英文要怎么表述啊?感覺好多專業(yè)術(shù)語不會講，怎么辦? !!!
同學們，那么請再仔細看看以上篇章中標綠的部分，是不是心中豁然開朗了呢，這篇文章簡直就是為托福寫作量身定做的!
520 days in this environment and only had contact with their bosses and their families. The six astronauts “returned” to the Earth in good physical condition—and still talking to each other. Scientists viewed the Mars500 Mission as a great success because they were able to see how the astronauts handle emotional and physical stresses. Surprisingly, the greatest emotional problem was boredom. The greatest physical problems were not getting enough sleep and gaining too much weight. (針對情況：在太空中我們的心理可能會遇到什么挑戰(zhàn)，會不會出現(xiàn)心理疾病呢…)
寫作真題
2015.10.25 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
In the past people were more friendly than they are today.
寫作思路
Main point: Agree
Sub point1: 現(xiàn)在人生活節(jié)奏快，每天都非常忙碌，沒什么時間關(guān)注他人，自然不如以前的人friendly。
Sub point2:當今社會詐騙行為很多，加上媒體的曝光，人們的防范心理很強，對陌生人極其警惕;而以前人們對陌生人是比較友善的。
Sub point3:當然不能否認當今社會中依然有很多friendly 的行為舉措，很多人也極其warm-hearted.但是整體來說是以前的人比較friendly。其中有個比較重要的因素是現(xiàn)代人相對selfish,尤其在中國 One-Child Policy的影響下,獨身子女相對會比較自私。
話題相關(guān)內(nèi)容
第四版北極星3 Unit2----The Consequences of Fraud
相關(guān)文章
(如下篇章內(nèi)容圍繞思路中的sub point2展開)
同學們，你們現(xiàn)在看到的就是北極星3 Unit2----The Consequences of Fraud的引入部分。其實在這個版塊我們就可以學到很多單詞： medical fraud(醫(yī)療詐騙), Internet fraud(網(wǎng)絡欺詐)，Identity theft(身份盜竊)……這些表達在你的作文中都可以用到哦～接下來具體看一個篇章~
TYPES OF FRAUD
(注意：本文通篇可用，就不標注重點內(nèi)容)
Fraud has been increasing around the world because of computer technology. One example is the Nigerian Bank Fraud. People are contacted by email and asked to help transfer money from Nigeria or other African countries by allowing the money to be placed temporarily in their bank accounts. The real motive is not to transfer money but to obtain personal banking information.(本段結(jié)合具體實例來說明當今世界，計算機的廣泛使用、網(wǎng)絡的普及讓Fraud影響更大?？勺鳛閟ub point2的素材。)
Another type of computer fraud is known as “phishing,” or trying to obtain financial information by impersonating a bank employee. When this kind of fraud takes place, you receive email messages from someone pretending to represent your bank. You are then asked to provide your account number or other identifying information. This kind of deception seems so real that many people respond to it and give away their financial and personal information.(本段提到的網(wǎng)絡欺詐，大家是否很熟悉呢?里邊的表達phishing, impersonate, deception這些好用的詞匯學到手了嗎?)
The telephone is also used by con men and women who try to impress people with amazing prizes and offers. Sometimes they will call and ask for your banking information so that they can put prize money into your account. If you do not trust a person contacting you by phone, ask for his or her name, business phone number, and company address. You can then contact the company yourself to learn whether or not you have reason to be suspicious.(電話詐騙有碰到過嗎?在我們的日常生活中是不是很常見?這是不是讓你不再那么相信陌生人了呢?“騙子”這個詞可以用con men and women來表達，了解嗎?所以本段內(nèi)容也可以作為素材。)
Modern communications technology has made it easier for people to trick you with fake deals and requests for information. When you go online, you find many websites offering products and services such as medical treatment and legal advice. How can you know if something is real? Fortunately, there are many organizations that can help you make sure that companies and individuals are treating you with honesty. If you believe that you are involved in a case of fraud, be sure to report it and ask for help.
講解如何運用
同學們，相信大家看完全文會發(fā)現(xiàn)基本整個篇章拿過來全是supporting materials.其實對于sub point2欺詐行為這點，同學們根據(jù)個人的經(jīng)歷以及網(wǎng)絡、報紙上的新聞都可以想到具體的例子，關(guān)鍵的是不知道怎么表達，所以上文對于填補大家表達上空缺是非常有效的。
寫作真題
2015.11.15 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The more money a person has, the more he or she should give away to the charities
寫作思路
Main point: Disagree
Sub point1: Money越多在一定程度上意味著能幫助越多的人，而當今社會還有很多人溫飽問題都解決不了，所以應該出更多的錢給慈善機構(gòu)。可以用Bill Gates的例子。
Sub point2:對自身也有好處，自己在幫助他人的過程中可以更好的認識自己，變得更加快樂，更加自信，更加知道生命的意義。
Sub point3:可以讓這個世界更加美好。許多問題的出現(xiàn)都是因為貧富差距過大導致的，如果富了之后會拿更多的錢出來幫助他人，那么這個世界必將更加美好。
話題相關(guān)內(nèi)容
第三版北極星4 -Unit6----Give and Learn
相關(guān)文章
This 1979 Nobel Peace Prize winner spent many years working with the extremely poor in India. Though not a rich person, Mother Teresa was able to personally help thousands of people. disagree with the following statement? The more money a person has, the more he or she should give away to the charities.
This business person is one of the richest people in the world. Bill Gates is also a very generous philanthropist and has created a foundation focusing on education and healthcare.
This movie star is reported to give away 1/3 of his/her income to several charities. Angelina Jolie is also the Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees.
This wealthy talk show host has created a foundation “to support the education and empowerment of women, children and families”. Oprah Winfrey has also established a school for girls in South Africa.
講解如何運用
本文的展開需要有大量的實例來說明做慈善是必要的，本單元中的Angelina Jolie, Oprah Winfrey, Bill Gates, Mother Teresa都是慈善的好例子。
結(jié)語
托福寫作時“無話可說”乃是因為平時缺乏素材積累，輸入太少吶。對于素材，同學們要注意以下幾點：一是素材最好是英文表達，不然考試時，即使心中滿滿的例子寫的時候卻發(fā)現(xiàn)好多意思不知怎樣用英文表達;二是素材在表達上不宜太難，否則難以理解和記憶。三是好的素材要熟悉到位，同學們面對好的素材不能只是記在本子上或是存在電腦中，一定要記在腦子里!如何確定已經(jīng)記在腦子里了呢?找個一起考托福的小伙伴，把例子用英文講一遍給他/她聽;或者找張紙，寫一遍。當你說完或者寫完，對方聽了或者看了驚嘆你的表達或者例子好棒時，說明你是真的掌握了這個例子!不然沒有記在腦子里，再好的素材也是枉然~
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