為了幫助大家提前熟悉一下gre的閱讀考試形式，下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)GRE閱讀考試題型的數(shù)量分布，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助！

GRE閱讀考試題型的數(shù)量分布

第一種情況

4篇 GRE 短閱讀文章，所謂短閱讀文章，也就是每篇文章字?jǐn)?shù)在150~180左右。而每篇閱讀題目數(shù)量也多為3道-2道-2道-2道這種組合模式，總的題目數(shù)量為9道，此時(shí)邏輯題為1道。

第二種情況

3篇 GRE 閱讀文章，其中有1篇為長(zhǎng)閱讀文章，也就是字?jǐn)?shù)長(zhǎng)度約為400~500字，而這一片閱讀的題目數(shù)為4道，另外2篇依舊是短閱讀，短閱讀的題目數(shù)分別為1道和3道，總共題目數(shù)為8道，此時(shí)邏輯題為2道。

GRE閱讀整體出題形式和考點(diǎn)趨勢(shì)變化

整體上來(lái)看，GRE 閱讀的難度近幾年來(lái)都保持比較穩(wěn)定的水平。不僅注重對(duì)文章具體段落和詞匯的理解掌握的考查，也兼顧對(duì)邏輯思維能力的摸索和文章主題的分析。

GRE閱讀題目解析:全新世晚期

P42

Human impacts on the natural environment during the later part of the Holocene (beginning about 4,000 years ago) complicate investigations into environmental change during that period because the signals produced by human-and climate-induced change are sometimes difficult to separate. For example, in the later Holocene, one indicator of increased aridity due to climate change is an increase in pollen from grasses, as forest vegetation gives way to grassland. Such a change in vegetation could alternatively be attributed to human impact in the form of agricultural development. Examples of such human impact from 4,000 years ago would be small-scale, however, since the broad ecosystem changes brought about by the widespread adoption of agricultural technologies occurred later.

1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?

A. It provides an example of the kind of problems that often complicate investigations into environmental change.

B. It call into question the reliability of the established dates for later Holocene agricultural development.

C. It describes the nature of localized agricultural developments during the later Holocene.

D. It outlines a hypothesis that draws on evidence discussed earlier in the passage.

E. It limits the scope of a particular complication mentioned earlier in the passage.

2. According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding environmental changes 4,000 years ago?

A. No localized increases in grass pollen were caused by agricultural development.

B. Increases in grass pollen were at least sometimes a reflection of an increase in aridity.

C. Wholesale ecosystem changes probably resulted from agricultural development.

D. Any small-scale changes occurring then would not be detectable now.

E. Environmental change helped induce the adoption of agricultural technologies.

P42

1

Human impacts on the natural environment during the later part of the Holocene (beginning about 4,000 years ago) complicate investigations into environmental change during that period because the signals produced by human- and climate-induced change are sometimes difficult to separate.

全新世晚期(開(kāi)始于約 4000 年前)人類對(duì)自然環(huán)境的影響，讓關(guān)于當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境改變的研究變得復(fù)雜，因?yàn)槿祟愐鸬母淖兒蜌夂蛞鸬母淖?，有時(shí)難以區(qū)分。

(

全新世 [Holocene epoch]

舊稱最新世(Recent epoch)

地球地質(zhì)史的最后階段，時(shí)間從10,000年前到現(xiàn)在。是構(gòu)成第四紀(jì)的兩個(gè)世中年代較晚的一個(gè)，在更新世最后一個(gè)冰期之后，特點(diǎn)是氣候條件比較溫暖。這時(shí)期，人類技術(shù)有所精進(jìn)，逐漸導(dǎo)向現(xiàn)代文明水平。

(大英袖珍百科)

)

2

For example, in the later Holocene, one indicator of increased aridity due to climate change is an increase in pollen from grasses, as forest vegetation gives way to grassland.

例如，全新世晚期，因氣候改變而導(dǎo)致干旱加劇的一種指標(biāo)，是禾本植物的劃分增多，因?yàn)?森林植被 被草原取代。

3

Such a change in vegetation could alternatively be attributed to human impact in the form of agricultural development.

這樣一種植被的改變，也可以被另外地解釋為人類農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展的后果。

4

Examples of such human impact from 4,000 years ago would be small-scale, however, since the broad ecosystem changes brought about by the widespread adoption of agricultural technologies occurred later.

4000 年前，這類人類影響的例子可能是小規(guī)模的，然而，因農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的廣泛傳播而產(chǎn)生的大范圍生態(tài)系統(tǒng)改變，隨后就發(fā)生了。

(現(xiàn)在來(lái)看，since 句是個(gè)病句，要么把 since 劃掉，否則只能認(rèn)為材料截取原文時(shí)漏掉了一些內(nèi)容，使 since 作為一個(gè)連詞，引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)無(wú)意義的分句)

1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?

A. It provides an example of the kind of problems that often complicate investigations into environmental change.

B. It call into question the reliability of the established dates for later Holocene agricultural development.

C. It describes the nature of localized agricultural developments during the later Holocene.

D. It outlines a hypothesis that draws on evidence discussed earlier in the passage.

E. It limits the scope of a particular complication mentioned earlier in the passage.

選 E

理一下文章邏輯：

全新世后期，約 4000 年前開(kāi)始，人們?cè)谘芯凯h(huán)境改變的課題時(shí)，遇到了問(wèn)題，環(huán)境改變可能是因?yàn)槿祟惖脑?，也可能是因?yàn)闅夂虻脑?，二者難以區(qū)分，或算出明確的比例。比如禾本植物的花粉增多，意味著干旱，但科學(xué)家們無(wú)法確認(rèn)，是因?yàn)闅夂蚋珊?，?shù)枯死了草開(kāi)始生長(zhǎng)，還是人類的農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)伐木墾田導(dǎo)致的。所謂 complication 指的就是這種說(shuō)不清。

高亮句說(shuō)，開(kāi)始人類活動(dòng)是小規(guī)模的，后來(lái)蔓延開(kāi)來(lái)?？梢哉J(rèn)為是限定了 complication 程度，小規(guī)模意味著比較容易分辨，還勉強(qiáng)說(shuō)得清，考察其他沒(méi)有人類影響的地區(qū)就好，但后來(lái)人類活動(dòng)范圍變大了，就說(shuō)不清了。

所以選 E。

2. According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding environmental changes 4,000 years ago?

A. No localized increases in grass pollen were caused by agricultural development.

B. Increases in grass pollen were at least sometimes a reflection of an increase in aridity.

C. Wholesale ecosystem changes probably resulted from agricultural development.

D. Any small-scale changes occurring then would not be detectable now.

E. Environmental change helped induce the adoption of agricultural technologies.

選 B

至少有時(shí)禾本植物花粉變多反映了干旱加劇。

A 錯(cuò)。如果跟農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展一點(diǎn)關(guān)系都沒(méi)有，根本不可能 difficult to seprate 。

C 錯(cuò)。也可能有氣候因素。

D 錯(cuò)。未知信息。

E 錯(cuò)。因果關(guān)系說(shuō)反了，是農(nóng)業(yè)推廣加速了環(huán)境改變，人種地不會(huì)意識(shí)到最近一千年越來(lái)越干旱了，終于適合種地了，古人不可能有這種意識(shí)。

GRE閱讀題目解析:地殼板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)

Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface. This leaves a loose end in current geological theory. Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics. Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible. Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events. Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton—the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.

1. The author’s primary purpose is to

A. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surface

B. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argues that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory

C. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanation

D. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context

E. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed

2. The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order to

A. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geology

B. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.

C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.

D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.

E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.

3. The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?

A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.

B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from.

C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.

D. It has correctly explained the effects of extraterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.

E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.

P41

1

Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface.

地球核心散失的熱量以及放射性衰變本身，就能夠?yàn)樗茉斓乇硇螒B(tài)的地殼板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)提供所有能量，現(xiàn)在，許多理論學(xué)者對(duì)此提出質(zhì)疑。

2

This leaves a loose end in current geological theory.

這是當(dāng)今地質(zhì)學(xué)理論中的一個(gè)遺留問(wèn)題。

(loose end 未能解決的小問(wèn)題或小困難，某事徹底解決前的最后障礙或細(xì)節(jié)，比如 “ _ 島的歸屬問(wèn)題，是兩國(guó)邊界劃定的 loose end ”)

3

Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics.

H S 認(rèn)為，由于科學(xué)家們一直以來(lái)低估了來(lái)自地球以外的撞擊者(撞擊地球的小行星和彗星)攜帶的巨大能量，所以他們難以解釋來(lái)自地球地球內(nèi)部的能量，與板塊構(gòu)造學(xué)所涉及的能量，性質(zhì)上有什么不同。

(account for 解釋。它的主語(yǔ)可以是人，即(某人)解釋(某事或某過(guò)程);主語(yǔ)也可以是非人，即(某物)作為(某事或某過(guò)程的)原因。文中取第一種理解。)

4

Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible.

盡管多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家把地球表面遭到此類撞擊所接收的能量，視為獨(dú)立于地殼板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)的過(guò)程，但 S 堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為這些過(guò)程不是獨(dú)立的。

(bombardment 炮擊，轟炸，一連串的攻擊、詰問(wèn)

再講一次 whereas 我保證以后不講了 you have my word

這個(gè)詞，基本上是連詞界的呂布，三姓家奴，一會(huì)一個(gè)主意，你根本無(wú)法預(yù)先判斷它，它從未完成一個(gè)連詞理應(yīng)具備的預(yù)先指示功能。

它可能有如下幾種解釋：

1)although

2)while at the same time

3)while on the contrary

4)in view of the fact that / since / taking into consideration the fact that

第一種引導(dǎo)讓步條件，中間兩種可能引導(dǎo)對(duì)比關(guān)系，后一種通常引導(dǎo)(較弱的)因果關(guān)系。

回到句子，蓋住 whereas，我們能夠明確判斷的是 most geologists 和 S 的觀點(diǎn)相反，如果你認(rèn)為這是一種對(duì)比關(guān)系，可以把 whereas 理解為 while 或 while on the contrary;如果你認(rèn)為作者更偏重強(qiáng)調(diào) S 的看法，可以認(rèn)為 whereas 相當(dāng)于 although 。兩種效果差不多，我的翻譯取了后一種。

下一句中也出現(xiàn)了 whereas，不妨先忽略翻譯，試著自己判斷一下該對(duì)應(yīng)哪種解釋。)

5

Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events.

S 提出的革命性的 “ 開(kāi)放系統(tǒng) ” 觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，內(nèi)在的與外來(lái)的動(dòng)力構(gòu)成了一個(gè)連續(xù)統(tǒng)一系統(tǒng)，而近代板塊地質(zhì)理論，比如十九世紀(jì)發(fā)展出的古典地質(zhì)學(xué)，建立在這種觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，即地球的地質(zhì)特征隨不斷的，有規(guī)律的地球內(nèi)部運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程而改變，與特殊的災(zāi)變事件無(wú)關(guān)。

6

Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton — the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.

也許未曾明說(shuō)，但古典地質(zhì)學(xué)從牛頓(的經(jīng)典力學(xué))借用了一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的假設(shè)，地球發(fā)生的事件獨(dú)立于宇宙環(huán)境。

1. The author’s primary purpose is to

A. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surface

B. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argues that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory

C. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanation

D. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context

E. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed

選 B

確認(rèn)了關(guān)于外來(lái)天體撞擊的兩種觀點(diǎn)，并指出這種現(xiàn)象(撞擊)影響了板塊地殼理論的的發(fā)展。

兩種觀點(diǎn)：一種認(rèn)為外力有影響地殼板塊變化過(guò)程，一種認(rèn)為地球變化獨(dú)立于外力影響。

影響了理論發(fā)展表現(xiàn)為，十九世紀(jì)的古典地質(zhì)學(xué)不考慮外力撞擊的影響(句 5)，現(xiàn)在 many theorists 懷疑有影響(句 1)。

2. The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order to

A. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geology

B. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.

C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.

D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.

E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.

選 E

不得不說(shuō)，文章的關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)有點(diǎn)禁不起推敲。

首先看句 1：

Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface.

句 3 告訴我們 H S 是質(zhì)疑派學(xué)者的一個(gè)代表。

再看句 4：

Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible.

現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)大家思考，目前(作者寫(xiě)此文時(shí)所處的時(shí)空)到底哪種看法是地質(zhì)學(xué)在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上的主流?句 1 的 many theorists(包括 S)還是句 4 的 most geologists?

最終還是 most 比 many 大，但文章寫(xiě)成這樣，的確難免在快速閱讀中給人造成錯(cuò)覺(jué)。many 改成 some 就沒(méi)這種誤會(huì)了。希望 ETS 越來(lái)越嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。

回到題目，選 E，current scientific theories 指的就是 most geologists 的看法。

3. The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?

A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.

B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from.

C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.

D. It has correctly explained the effects of extraterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.

E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.

選 C

關(guān)于地球表面的塑形過(guò)程，地殼理論基于牛頓所理論的想法(獨(dú)立過(guò)程)，根據(jù)句 6 。

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