如何正確使用托福寫作機(jī)經(jīng)
機(jī)經(jīng)無非就是考生考后的真題回憶，那么我們應(yīng)該如何正確使用托福寫作機(jī)經(jīng)呢？下面小編給大家分享一下！
如何正確使用托福寫作機(jī)經(jīng)
機(jī)經(jīng)其實(shí)是不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)的，因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)趨⒓油懈？荚囍?，需要先簽訂保密協(xié)議，同意絕不將試題透露給任何第三方。盡管如此，還是有許多“熱心”的同學(xué)愿意在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上回顧、分享考過的試題，這也就給后來參加考試的同學(xué)提供了一個(gè)提前熟悉可能會(huì)考到的題目的機(jī)會(huì)。說到機(jī)經(jīng)，就不得不提一下關(guān)于“趨勢(shì)”這個(gè)話題。每每有同學(xué)問我托福寫作的趨勢(shì)是什么，我可能憋了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，最終也只會(huì)憋出兩個(gè)字來，那就是重復(fù)。所以，趨勢(shì)聽起來算是一個(gè)偽命題，因?yàn)橥懈？荚囈欢ㄟ€會(huì)重復(fù)考那些曾經(jīng)考過的那些題目。這也是為什么很多同學(xué)在考試之前都會(huì)尋求機(jī)經(jīng)的幫助。但是有了機(jī)經(jīng)并不就意味著有了定心丸，今天我想跟大家談?wù)勅绾握_地看待機(jī)經(jīng)。
我自己有很多學(xué)生在考試之前都會(huì)看機(jī)經(jīng)，而他們對(duì)待機(jī)經(jīng)的方法，特別是寫作部分，就是羅列提綱。把這個(gè)文章的Topic Sentence，也就是主題句和分論點(diǎn)都寫好。同學(xué)們，如果你這是這樣去處理機(jī)經(jīng)，那么機(jī)經(jīng)對(duì)你的幫助是接近于零的。
首先大家要清楚機(jī)經(jīng)的有效性和局限性在哪里。很多學(xué)生對(duì)機(jī)經(jīng)的有效性的認(rèn)為是：機(jī)經(jīng)就是提前看過寫作的題目，機(jī)經(jīng)的預(yù)測(cè)范圍內(nèi)要求詳細(xì)準(zhǔn)備的題目也就十幾、二十個(gè)，雖然可能有不同的機(jī)經(jīng)版本，但是最后要準(zhǔn)備也就20個(gè)左右，即便是大范圍的預(yù)測(cè)(60多個(gè)、70多個(gè))，重點(diǎn)需要準(zhǔn)備的也就是20個(gè)左右，甚至還有10個(gè)或者5個(gè)。同學(xué)們，如果你的托福寫作已經(jīng)考了25分以上，但想取得接近滿分成績(jī)，那你就不能是看機(jī)經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備內(nèi)容;如果你現(xiàn)在的寫作分?jǐn)?shù)是18分左右，或者更低，目標(biāo)是考到23分以上就謝天謝地了，那么你的目標(biāo)才是看機(jī)經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好內(nèi)容。
為什么會(huì)有這個(gè)差異呢?難道那些水平比較高的同學(xué)就不用準(zhǔn)備這些內(nèi)容嗎?同學(xué)們注意，在托福寫作的評(píng)分過程中，不同的分?jǐn)?shù)段關(guān)注的內(nèi)容是不一樣的。一個(gè)連文章都寫不全的(常見于17或者18分左右、就是沒有到達(dá)20分的)同學(xué)在寫文章的時(shí)候往往只有一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，這個(gè)分論點(diǎn)特別的長(zhǎng)，或者這個(gè)文章只有兩個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，第二個(gè)點(diǎn)和第一個(gè)點(diǎn)還有大量的重合。這樣的文章內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)都不完整，即便翻譯成中文也是看不過去的。所以對(duì)于每次看到這個(gè)題目都不知道該寫什么東西的同學(xué)，一定要把內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)備好，不僅要列提綱，連分論點(diǎn)下面的例子是什么，如何論證它，都必須要羅列出來。
而對(duì)于水平比較高的同學(xué)，比如說已經(jīng)考了25分左右準(zhǔn)備沖擊滿分的同學(xué)，往往是文章內(nèi)容已經(jīng)存在了，已經(jīng)完整了，可能不夠優(yōu)異或者高級(jí)。這種同學(xué)不需要額外準(zhǔn)備內(nèi)容，你可以使用你原有的、完整但是看起來并不是那么高大上的內(nèi)容來組織你的文章，依舊可以取得比較高的分?jǐn)?shù)。
有一點(diǎn)可能大家比較難以相信的是，舉最土的例子也可以取得高分。在托福的寫作部分，你可以使用那些最土的，比如說愛迪生、伽利略這樣的例子。我相信很多同學(xué)都會(huì)笑，這些是太熟悉的例子，都已經(jīng)被寫爛了。這種例子在考試的時(shí)候能不能寫?可以寫，而且我推薦你們寫，因?yàn)檫@種例子不需要準(zhǔn)備，內(nèi)容就特別完整。要知道，在高分?jǐn)?shù)段里面，內(nèi)容是不重要的，重要的是語言，那么你用什么語言來表達(dá)這個(gè)例子就顯得額外重要。因?yàn)閰⒓油懈？荚嚨?，可能是初中生、高中生、大學(xué)生、研究生、博士生，不同知識(shí)水平的同學(xué)會(huì)同時(shí)參加托?？荚?，對(duì)同一個(gè)題目寫出來的文章內(nèi)容深度肯定會(huì)有所差別。評(píng)分人會(huì)額外注意，不會(huì)依據(jù)考生寫的內(nèi)容好玩、生僻、是否有說服力的程度來評(píng)判分?jǐn)?shù)，而只能依據(jù)語言，所以有內(nèi)容就可以。我的這個(gè)說法可能特別奇怪，有內(nèi)容使得你的文章完整就可以了，不需要追求內(nèi)容是否高大上。也沒有必要去搜索一些英語百科網(wǎng)站來豐富自己的內(nèi)容，讓自己的內(nèi)容顯得高大上。即便你舉了一個(gè)特別生僻的小故事，而別人舉了一個(gè)愛迪生的故事，只要語言好也可以把分?jǐn)?shù)提上去。
另外一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是綜合寫作沒有用。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)其實(shí)是錯(cuò)誤的。很多人在準(zhǔn)備機(jī)經(jīng)的時(shí)候，是完全不看綜合寫作部分，有的同學(xué)覺得看綜合寫作部分的機(jī)經(jīng)沒有用，這個(gè)是不對(duì)的。很多同學(xué)準(zhǔn)備機(jī)經(jīng)的時(shí)候，只準(zhǔn)備獨(dú)立寫作機(jī)經(jīng)，獨(dú)立寫作機(jī)經(jīng)要不要準(zhǔn)備?我剛才已經(jīng)說過了，對(duì)于不同的學(xué)生，準(zhǔn)備的方向是不一樣的。確實(shí)準(zhǔn)備一下是可以的。那綜合寫作的機(jī)經(jīng)要不要準(zhǔn)備?同學(xué)們是一定要準(zhǔn)備的。對(duì)于綜合寫作部分，真正準(zhǔn)備過的同學(xué)應(yīng)該可以很輕松的拿到分?jǐn)?shù)。因?yàn)榫C合寫作里面沒有那么關(guān)注語言。其實(shí)對(duì)于綜合寫作，應(yīng)該額外地關(guān)注機(jī)經(jīng)，把相應(yīng)的語言點(diǎn)都描述到。對(duì)于機(jī)經(jīng)來說，很多同學(xué)都搞錯(cuò)了范圍。真正每一個(gè)人都要使用的是綜合寫作的機(jī)經(jīng)
托福寫作備考策略之獨(dú)立話題
1.Somestudents prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their grades determined by only afew large ones. Which do you prefer and why?
2.An effective leader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
3.If a city has an amount of money, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
Build a public garden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
Build a sports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle and healthy eating.
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they are today.
6.In the past,young people depended on their parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to make decisions on their own.
7.It is better to relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.
10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.
12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.
13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to moviesand programs made in other countries.
14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.
16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.
實(shí)用方法介紹
丨1.常用論點(diǎn)/理由
針對(duì)獨(dú)立寫作的常見話題，大致可歸成三類：個(gè)人類(關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)、工作、休閑、做人的選擇);古今類(題目中有明顯的now… past … 讓考生判斷現(xiàn)在和過去在某一方面的比較);決策類(題目中通常有g(shù)overnment這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)，討論政府的投資或者政策，有些題目雖然沒有g(shù)overnment這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)，但如果涉及的是有社會(huì)影響力的話題，也可以劃為政府類，比如 A/D Professional athletes such as the football playerand basketball player deserve high salaries that they are paid.)
1)個(gè)人類常用理由
學(xué)知識(shí)、練技能、拓展視野……..
工作機(jī)會(huì)、賺錢…….
交朋友、陪伴家人……. (合作、溝通) …….
品質(zhì)(自信，獨(dú)立，堅(jiān)持，樂觀 ) / 興趣愛好
身體健康、放松心情…….
省時(shí)間、省錢、省精力………..
2)古今類常用理由
現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
教育: 先進(jìn)全面鼓勵(lì)個(gè)性
工作：種類豐富機(jī)會(huì)多
醫(yī)療：治愈緩解更多疾病
技術(shù)：網(wǎng)絡(luò)電子產(chǎn)品汽車
公共設(shè)施：便利的交通娛樂購物餐飲
法律制度：保障個(gè)人權(quán)利
媒體：揭露真相傳播信息
人與人：互動(dòng)頻繁、方便
經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步：更充裕的錢和無助
世界和平：更少的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)傷亡
現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的缺點(diǎn)：
環(huán)境問題(污染，能源消耗)
生活壓力(學(xué)習(xí)，工作)
欺騙敲詐
3)決策類常用思路
注：除了使用個(gè)人類常用理由，針對(duì)決策類這種和政府相關(guān)有社會(huì)影響力的題目，建議多角度討論，一下是常見的討論角度：
1.大眾 individuals
對(duì)我們有什么用?(放松健康省錢知識(shí)關(guān)系等等)
是不是我們每個(gè)人都需要的?(大多數(shù)/ 小眾)
2. 相關(guān)群體relativegroups
題目中談?wù)摰降谋热鏰rtists,scientists, athletes 等等
3. 企業(yè)companies
企業(yè)有錢，可以代替政府去投資有利可圖的領(lǐng)域
4. 社會(huì) Society
Economy(tourism), culture, safety, improvement …
丨2.對(duì)比段
通常來說，托福獨(dú)立寫作的論證寫3段，上文介紹了最基本的常用理由，但有時(shí)候，因?yàn)楦鞣N原因只想出2個(gè)理由的時(shí)候，可以寫一段對(duì)比段，即把對(duì)比論證寫一段。
具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解
丨3.讓步段
除了對(duì)比段之外，讓步段也可以解決只有2個(gè)理由缺少第三個(gè)段落的問題。
具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解
丨4.拆分法/分情況討論
針對(duì)一些比較抽象的獨(dú)立寫作話題，我們可以分情況討論，或者對(duì)于關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行定義和拆分，在更加具體的情況下方便論證。
具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解
丨5.檢驗(yàn)論點(diǎn)
沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案，這是獨(dú)立解題最自由的地方。但這并不意味著什么樣的理由都可以作為論點(diǎn)并且展開段落的。課堂上，一些學(xué)生可以馬上相處三個(gè)理由，但仔細(xì)探究，可能只有一個(gè)理由是可以作為論點(diǎn)的。
這里說一下三個(gè)檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：1.支持觀點(diǎn) 2. 論點(diǎn)相互不重疊 3. 易于展開
丨6.靈活調(diào)整
根據(jù)ETS的出題，我們知道，題目是千變?nèi)f化的，為了幫助學(xué)生更好的應(yīng)對(duì)，老師們會(huì)總結(jié)出一些實(shí)用方法，對(duì)學(xué)生來說，比死記硬別、生搬硬套更重要的是，在題目的練習(xí)中，去運(yùn)用這些方法，并且靈活的調(diào)整。
如果覺得一些常用理由不適合支持某一道題，那么就放棄這個(gè)理由;
如果只想出兩個(gè)理由，那么可以加一個(gè)讓步段或者對(duì)比段;
如果一道題直接用常用理由去支持很難，可以試著拆分法;
如果完全同意/不同意很難，可以試著兩邊倒;
如果題目中有絕對(duì)詞，可以部分同意/不同意。
... ...
實(shí)用方法在題目中的具體運(yùn)用
使用第一部分的9月機(jī)經(jīng)部分題目
1.Some students prefer to havetheir final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas othersprefer to have their grades determined by only a few large ones. Which do youprefer and why?
觀點(diǎn)：small assignments
論點(diǎn)1：輕松
論點(diǎn)2：知識(shí)(學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí);老師備課)
論點(diǎn)3：對(duì)比段/讓步段
2.An effectiveleader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
觀點(diǎn)：agree
論點(diǎn)1：來自領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的尊重要員工更快樂積極
論點(diǎn)2：?jiǎn)T工的參與促進(jìn)想法的完善
論點(diǎn)3：對(duì)比段
3.If a city has an amount ofmoney, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
1)Build a publicgarden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
2)Build asports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
版本A：
觀點(diǎn)：選1)
論點(diǎn)1：relaxing
論點(diǎn)2：used byeveryone
論點(diǎn)3：讓步段(承認(rèn)2的好處指出顯著缺點(diǎn)即優(yōu)惠了一小部分人不公平)
版本B：
觀點(diǎn)：選2)
論點(diǎn)1：healthy
論點(diǎn)2：mentality
論點(diǎn)3：補(bǔ)充建議(允許周末開放給市民)
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle andhealthy eating.
觀點(diǎn)：Disagree
論點(diǎn)1： knowledge 宣傳健康飲食的知識(shí)( 課程廣告 )
論點(diǎn)2： pressure 減少學(xué)習(xí)和工作壓力
論點(diǎn)3： money 建設(shè)更多更便宜的運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)所減輕人們的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)
注：這道題，用個(gè)人類的常用理由就可以解決，那么久不用多角度思考了~
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they aretoday.
觀點(diǎn)：Disagree
論點(diǎn)1：經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步大家有時(shí)間和精力改善社區(qū)
論點(diǎn)2：溝通方便更好的解決社區(qū)問題
論點(diǎn)3：普遍受過教育有能力解決問題
注：三個(gè)古今類的常用理由，現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
6.In the past, young people depended ontheir parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to makedecisions on their own.
觀點(diǎn)：Agree
論點(diǎn)1：Internet –豐富信息
論點(diǎn)2：Education – 培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立
論點(diǎn)3：對(duì)比段
7.It is betterto relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
版本A：
觀點(diǎn)：Physical exercise
論點(diǎn)1：health
論點(diǎn)2：cooperation
論點(diǎn)3：make friends
論點(diǎn)4：release pressure
論點(diǎn)5：讓步段/對(duì)比段
注：有些題目，可以相處很多個(gè)有效論點(diǎn)，那就選擇自己覺得好寫的展開～
版本B：
觀點(diǎn)：TV book
論點(diǎn)1：convenience;
論點(diǎn)2：knowledge andinspiration
論點(diǎn)3：讓步段/對(duì)比段
8.We shouldstate our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
觀點(diǎn)：agree
論點(diǎn)1：家庭
論點(diǎn)2：朋友
論點(diǎn)3：學(xué)習(xí)/工作
注：用拆分法解這道題，即把說實(shí)話放在生活中的三大場(chǎng)景下，便于進(jìn)行具體論證
9.In order tosucceed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.
版本A：
觀點(diǎn)：Bothimportant
論點(diǎn)1：知識(shí)– 獨(dú)立解決問題&自信
論點(diǎn)2：適應(yīng)能力–效率&輕松
注：兩邊倒的題目，兩個(gè)支持對(duì)象的各寫一段，每一段設(shè)立有1-2個(gè)小論點(diǎn)，這樣不用擔(dān)心字?jǐn)?shù)~
版本B：
觀點(diǎn)：Agree
論點(diǎn)1：get alongwith different people
論點(diǎn)2：learn newknowledge
論點(diǎn)3：adjustmentality
注：對(duì)適應(yīng)能力進(jìn)行拆分，解讀成和不同的人相處的能力、學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)的能力、調(diào)整心態(tài)的能力，這些都比固有的接觸知識(shí)更重要，因?yàn)?，世界一直在變啊~
10.Peoplespend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
觀點(diǎn)：Disagree
論點(diǎn)1：Relaxing
論點(diǎn)2：Improvefriendship
論點(diǎn)3： Learning
11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.
版本1：Agree 常用理由 -mood - efficiency - opportunity
版本2：Agree 拆分法- 家庭禮貌- 工作禮貌 - 社交禮貌
12.Technologydesigned to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.
agree
1) car –traffic jam; air pollution
2) internet – too much information to handle; false and misleading
3) digital devices – distraction (music; games; chat; online shopping)
注：把technology 拆分成三個(gè)主要方面，汽車、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子設(shè)備
13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to movies andprograms made in other countries.
觀點(diǎn)：both interesting
Own country:1 共鳴理解2 喜歡的演員
Foreign country:1拓展視野2精彩的畫面
14.It is asimportant for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
Agree
版本1：拆分法(對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)詮釋)
1 學(xué)習(xí)健康知識(shí)
2 培養(yǎng)愛好
3 學(xué)習(xí)使用電腦上網(wǎng)
版本2：常用理由
1 mentalhealth
2improve convenience
3communication with young people
15.To remainhappy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achievesuccess.
Agree
1)mentalhealth
2)stimulateimprovement
3 )讓步段(承認(rèn)成功是可喜的但是生活的常態(tài)就是一直失敗、努力、克服苦難、獲得成功，也就是說，成功是個(gè)結(jié)果，那么占據(jù)生活主要的是那個(gè)過程，所以為了健康以及持久的成功，樂觀積極更重要)
16.It is importantto know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect yourpersonal life.
Agree
版本1：常用理由
1)relaxing
2)knowledge
3)communication
版本2：拆分法
1)medicalnews – health
2)political news – safety
3)economic news – money
托福獨(dú)立寫作素材：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)特質(zhì)
托福寫作素材:領(lǐng)導(dǎo)特質(zhì)
What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important.
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：
The qualities of a good supervisor are too numerous to name. It also depends on the situation. Supervisors who work in an academic situation may have different qualities from those who work in a business company. Generally speaking, however, all good supervisors must have the qualities of effective communication, fair treatment, and role models.
First, a good supervisor communicates well. A supervisor gives instructions and directions to his or her supervisees as to what work to do and how to do it. Then instructions and directions must be clearly communicated so that they can be followed. If they are not clearly formulated and explained, the supervisees may feel at a loss at why they have to do something and how to do it. (I know of somebody who gets angry easily when his employees fail to follow his instructions. However, he often gives vague instructions and is unwilling to clarify his requirements, which makes it difficult for his supervisees to follow his instructions.) Thus, a good supervisor is effective in communicating his or her instructions and is willing to clarify things for his or her supervisees.
Second, a good supervisor shows fair treatment of employees. The supervisor treats all his or her employees with equal respect and shows no favoritism. Otherwise, some employees may have a sense of unfairness and demonstrate performance less than ideal. Even though the supervisor may have or develop some personal feelings about or personal relationship with an employee, he or she does not let such feelings or relationship affect his or her judgment and treatment of the person. Instead, the supervisor evaluates each employee’s performance against the same set of criteria and rewards or punishes each employee on the basis of objective assessment.
Finally, a good supervisor sets an example for employees. In other words, a good supervisor sets the standards for his or her employees by his or her own behavior. Well goes an English proverb, “Example is better than percept.” A good supervisor must do what he or she requires the subordinates to do. For example, if the supervisor works hard, it is likely that his or her employees will work diligently as well. Likewise, if the supervisor always gets work done on time, the employees must feel pressured to finish work on time, too. Therefore, a good supervisor acts professionally if he or she expects the supervisees to act in a professional way.
In short, the main qualities of a good supervisor are effective communication, fair treatment, and role models. Most supervisors have effective communication skills but sometimes forget fair treatment of employees or fail to set an example for them. Good supervisors should check themselves, every once in a while, to make sure that they are practicing these qualities.
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