托福寫(xiě)作技巧:議論文該怎么分段
托福寫(xiě)作議論文該怎么分段?相信大家都很想知道這個(gè)問(wèn)題,下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)相關(guān)內(nèi)容,希望對(duì)你們有所幫助!
托福寫(xiě)作技巧:議論文該怎么分段
在應(yīng)試型議論文寫(xiě)作中,通常遵循引言段-主體段-結(jié)論段的“三步曲”。主題段落提供了論證觀點(diǎn)的理由,是整個(gè)文章的主體,占分最大。一篇滿分作文必須論據(jù)充分。
1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.
(每個(gè)主體段都必須有一個(gè)明確的主題句)
2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.
(支持句必須圍繞主題句展開(kāi))
新托福滿分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details”,同樣必須通過(guò)主體段落發(fā)展來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),一篇議論文必須包含至少兩個(gè)主體段。每個(gè)主體段都必須有明確的主題句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting sentences”。他們共同組成文章的理由段,對(duì)全文的論點(diǎn)提供理由支持。
托福寫(xiě)作備考之小心這些誤區(qū)
托福寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)雖沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案,但并不意味著沒(méi)有參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。寫(xiě)作部分的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在官方OG中有明確的說(shuō)明,包括從官方的出分報(bào)告來(lái)看,評(píng)分主要分為三個(gè)維度。
文章結(jié)構(gòu)(well-organized)
文章發(fā)展(well-developed)
語(yǔ)言表達(dá)(language use)
本文將結(jié)合具體的例子分析每個(gè)維度如何評(píng)分以及如何提升。
一.結(jié)構(gòu)清晰(well-organized)
誤區(qū)一:不是分段落就叫結(jié)構(gòu)清晰!
在OGP611中有一部分關(guān)于organization的說(shuō)明,通過(guò)幾個(gè)問(wèn)句提醒同學(xué)們一篇完整的文章應(yīng)該要包含幾個(gè)部分:開(kāi)頭段,主體段和結(jié)尾段,并且要分段,結(jié)構(gòu)要清晰。
同學(xué)們往往對(duì)于每部分要寫(xiě)什么毋庸置疑,但在準(zhǔn)備的過(guò)程中,往往重視形式大過(guò)內(nèi)容。原則上,在不影響主體段發(fā)揮的前提下,開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的方法以及長(zhǎng)度隨意(OG中介紹了6種開(kāi)頭方法以及5種結(jié)尾方法),保證關(guān)鍵的信息給出即可;但從大部分同學(xué)的實(shí)際考試情況來(lái)看,開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾總傾向于事先準(zhǔn)備好的模板句型;相反,最重要的主體段沒(méi)有留足夠的時(shí)間和精力。結(jié)果往往撿了芝麻丟了西瓜。所以除非能夠靈活運(yùn)用OG介紹的方法,否則建議同學(xué)簡(jiǎn)化開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾。
我們看一下OG書(shū)上的一個(gè)開(kāi)頭段例子:
The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated, as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application.
這個(gè)開(kāi)頭段的前兩句都在強(qiáng)調(diào)話題(create a new holiday)的重要性,屬于贅述(redundancy),第三句并沒(méi)有很直接給出立場(chǎng),不符合評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的“有效回答問(wèn)題”。為了獲得一個(gè)高分,我們需要避免贅述(redundancy)和偏題(digression)。
其次OG中有個(gè)2分的文章,截取每段的第一句話:
In the following, I will illustrate my opinion by two reasons.
First of all, honest make the trust stronger between friends or colleagues.
Secondly, telling a lie always makes things worse not only in work but also in family life.
On the contrary, sometimes it is better to tell a lie to others, such as telling a lie to a patient.
作者想給出2個(gè)理由,從正反論證說(shuō)實(shí)話在人際關(guān)系中的重要性。而第三段的on the contrary, 看似是對(duì)比論證,然而并非是描述”撒謊的弊端“,所以結(jié)構(gòu)上會(huì)引起困惑。
關(guān)于結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,一方面建議大家不要大片背誦模板句式然后進(jìn)行堆砌。今年的兩場(chǎng)考試中,已經(jīng)有明確要求Do not use memorized examples.如果不能將模板句式巧妙結(jié)合所寫(xiě)文章熟練混跡在自己的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)之下,那么建議踏踏實(shí)實(shí)審題。另一方面,平時(shí)可以結(jié)合歷年真題,多訓(xùn)練開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山的思維方式,然后根據(jù)不同的話題補(bǔ)充相應(yīng)的詞匯短語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)料表達(dá),不至于無(wú)話可說(shuō)。
二.展開(kāi)有條理(well-developed)
誤區(qū)二:不是有邏輯連接詞就叫有邏輯!
首先我們來(lái)看一下OG是如何要求well-developed的:
Have I done my best to support and develop my ideas?
(有沒(méi)有支持立場(chǎng)的分論點(diǎn)?)
Do I include enough details in each paragraph so that the main idea and topic sentence are explained fully?
(每段是否有很充分的細(xì)節(jié)支持分論點(diǎn)?)
Do I use words and phrases that help the reader think about relationships between different ideas in the essay?
(句與句之間是否有用邏輯連接詞/短語(yǔ)?)
每個(gè)段落要做到很好的展開(kāi),就要注意句與句之間的邏輯性。OGP618介紹了很多種展開(kāi)的方法,包括講故事、舉例子、說(shuō)道理等等,同時(shí)補(bǔ)充了大量的邏輯連接詞。同學(xué)們習(xí)慣于把邏輯連接詞/短語(yǔ)事先準(zhǔn)備好,平時(shí)練習(xí)或者考試時(shí)都先打出來(lái)再往里面僵硬地填充內(nèi)容,以為可以騙過(guò)e-rater和考官。但在這些邏輯詞下,我們往往會(huì)看到同學(xué)寫(xiě)出這樣的內(nèi)容:因?yàn)楠?dú)生子女,所以自私;因?yàn)榭萍己徒?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,所以壓力大。
其實(shí)第二句和第一句之間并沒(méi)有直接的因果關(guān)系,第二句并不是對(duì)第一句的進(jìn)一步論述,所以即便有暗示邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞/短語(yǔ),內(nèi)容上并非如此。也就是不符合評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的漸進(jìn)性(progression)。
在第一個(gè)“因?yàn)楠?dú)生子女,所以自私”的例子中,我們可以這樣推理:獨(dú)生子女(only-child)→得到更多家人的關(guān)注(limelight)→缺少付出的意識(shí)(less give, more take)→自私(egoism);此外,獨(dú)生子女→缺少和兄弟姐妹的相處(interact with siblings)→缺少分享的意識(shí)(share)→自私。
這樣的兩條簡(jiǎn)單邏輯鏈就可以推出“自私”的結(jié)果。
所以針對(duì)這一問(wèn)題,建議同學(xué)們結(jié)合咱們點(diǎn)題班或者老師整理的機(jī)經(jīng)中的主題句,在草稿紙上用中文關(guān)鍵詞羅列因果鏈,訓(xùn)練演繹推理的方法,反復(fù)追問(wèn)因果關(guān)系(causality)是否成立。
三.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用(language use)
誤區(qū)三:不是辭藻華麗就叫好句子!
語(yǔ)言部分OG對(duì)于我們的要求是consistent facility in the use of language,給我們的具體建議是:句式結(jié)構(gòu)豐富(a variety of sentence structures)和恰當(dāng)?shù)拇朕o( appropriate word choice),評(píng)分者會(huì)從以下四個(gè)角度去審查
語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤(grammar)
詞匯使用(usage)
技術(shù)層面(mechanics)
語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格(style)
詞匯
詞匯層面是同學(xué)們最糾結(jié)的痛點(diǎn),背的往往用不上,寫(xiě)出來(lái)的都是簡(jiǎn)單詞。其實(shí)詞匯并沒(méi)有高低貴賤之說(shuō),只有恰當(dāng)?shù)氐琅c否。但很多時(shí)候,“恰當(dāng)”“地道”更難把握。
比如“不利于教學(xué)進(jìn)程”的表達(dá),大部分同學(xué)會(huì)用“exert negative effects on the process of education”;但在一定的語(yǔ)境下,stagnate(停滯)這個(gè)詞要比exert negative effects更有畫(huà)面感,更能吸引讀者的閱讀興趣。同樣,想表達(dá)“不利于彼此的關(guān)系”,用“undermine mutual relationship”比“do harm to relationship between each other”更簡(jiǎn)潔。想表達(dá)“越來(lái)越多”的時(shí)候并不總是“more and more”,形容詞“increasing/gradual”也可以。還有“according to how urge and important the task is”可以用priority這個(gè)詞來(lái)表達(dá),即“according to the priority of different tasks”。
想做到熟練恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用這些詞匯的話,和平時(shí)大量的精讀以及課外英文小說(shuō)閱讀習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成密不可分。讀寫(xiě)不分家,所以為了實(shí)實(shí)在在能提高寫(xiě)作部分的詞匯量,一方面建議同學(xué)們平時(shí)做閱讀不要僅僅為了檢測(cè)老師講的方法論的可行性,可以選擇喜歡的文章進(jìn)行精讀;同時(shí)筆記本上及時(shí)記下那些用得恰當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞、形容詞。另一方面,通過(guò)寫(xiě)作部分范文的精讀,積累詞匯和短語(yǔ)甚至句型。
詞匯的用法一定要結(jié)合具體的語(yǔ)境,“do sb. good”中的每個(gè)詞匯都很簡(jiǎn)單,但是并非不如conducive/beneficial。
句式
句子多樣性并非是指大量的長(zhǎng)難句、倒裝句等各種,往往我們中國(guó)考生在追求長(zhǎng)難的時(shí)候,評(píng)分者更希望考生的句子可讀性強(qiáng)(legible)。何為可讀?并不是詞匯句式簡(jiǎn)單到小學(xué)生都能看懂,而是在內(nèi)容豐富且邏輯漸進(jìn)的基礎(chǔ)上,長(zhǎng)短結(jié)合,會(huì)靈活使用簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和從句。
OG中有這樣一個(gè)片段:
Baseball is the great American sport. And, it is thought of as a summer pastime. So as soon as the weather turns warm, all the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. And soon they form teams and play each other. But all summer, they always find time to listen to pro games on the radio. And they watch them on TV.
對(duì)這樣一個(gè)以大量并列連接詞前置句首的片段進(jìn)行了細(xì)微地修改,變成如下版本:
Baseball, the great American sport, is thought of as a summer pastime. As soon as the weather turns warm, the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. Soon, they form teams and play each other, but all summer, they always find time to listen to pro games on the radio and watch them on TV.
詞匯本身并沒(méi)有變化,句式豐富性增強(qiáng)了,語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格更恰當(dāng)?shù)氐馈?/p>
語(yǔ)法
語(yǔ)法也是語(yǔ)言部分考察的重點(diǎn),少量的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤不影響得分。這部分同學(xué)們可以認(rèn)真閱讀OG中的Unit9language use部分,解釋清晰例子詳細(xì),非常完整介紹了語(yǔ)法部分的評(píng)分角度。大家往往容易錯(cuò)的比如并列結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤、詞性不清楚(副詞當(dāng)連接詞使用)、句子成分殘缺等,一定要在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中改正過(guò)來(lái)。否則考場(chǎng)上,即便認(rèn)真檢查,多半也是檢查不出問(wèn)題,覺(jué)得自己的文章簡(jiǎn)直完美。
作文的前期注重積累,后期注重練習(xí)。先有輸入才有輸出。托福不考智商,沒(méi)有作文是同學(xué)們不會(huì)寫(xiě)或者說(shuō)想不到任何理由的,最關(guān)鍵的是,如何用英文準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)才是關(guān)鍵。所以一定要踏實(shí)備考,結(jié)合OG中的講解,以及老師補(bǔ)充的詞匯、短語(yǔ)和范文,打好基礎(chǔ)。
托福寫(xiě)作思路分析:社交媒體交流浪費(fèi)時(shí)間
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
I agree
1. Too much use of online communicative tools reduces the efficiency of communication among people. (人們過(guò)度依賴發(fā)送文本信息和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò),使得面對(duì)面交流減少,在交流過(guò)程中缺乏情感)
2. Too much use of online communicative tools distracts people from their work or study. (人們花了太多的時(shí)間使用社交網(wǎng)路,常常盯著屏幕等著別人的回復(fù),使得人們無(wú)心于學(xué)習(xí)和工作)
托福寫(xiě)作思路分析:新年目標(biāo)計(jì)劃
Some people think at the start of a new year, it’s important to set a goal of improving a specific aspect of life. They call it a new-year resolution. Which of the following new-year resolution would you choose? 1. Help others in your community 2. Improve your health by exercising more and eat nutritious food 3. Manage your time better
Improve your health by exercising more and eat nutritious food
1.Sports and nutritious food contribute to students’ health. (運(yùn)動(dòng)可以鍛煉肌肉,使身體更加強(qiáng)壯,增強(qiáng)免疫力,抵御各種疾病)
2. Sports enable students to cultivate the spirit of cooperation. (很多體育運(yùn)動(dòng)如籃球、足球都是需要團(tuán)隊(duì)合作)
3. Sports provide students with a good opportunity to make more friends. (運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上可以遇到更多的人)
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