托福閱讀講解技巧之插入句子題5大步驟
托福閱讀考試有哪些題型?每一種題型應該如何解答呢?這些可能都是大家在托福備考的過程當中需要掌握的，今天這里小編就為大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x插入題的解題方法，希望對大家托福提分有幫助。
托福閱讀講解技巧之插入句子題5大步驟
插入句子題是IBT閱讀中的新題性。這類題目是給出一句話讓我們來判斷這句話應加入一個段落中四個方塊的哪個部分,用鼠標雙擊所選的黑色方塊即可。做這類題目的關鍵首先是理解該句子，尋找其中的銜接詞，分析這個句子的特點和其在文中的作用，然后把這個句子帶入原文中檢驗其是否合適。
掌握銜接詞是解答插入句子題的關鍵
掌握銜接詞對解答這類問題非常重要，因為它是理解上下文和這個句子的邏輯關系的核心。銜接詞語主要包括代詞(指示代詞，例如this, these their, it, such, another ，這些通常是上文提到過的，所以可以采用就近原則來做。);關鍵同義詞，重復出現(xiàn)的形容詞，副詞和名詞;表示因果，轉(zhuǎn)折等關系的過渡詞語：如，therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary, however 等;遞進擴展詞：如，furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally等;結(jié)構(gòu)配對詞：如，on the one hand…. on the other hand，some…others，同時還要注意一些表示順序的詞，如first ,second ,third等。
我們來具體來一個例子：
1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.
Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.
These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations.
Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.
A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4
具體的解題步驟：
1. 理解要插入的句子：These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, and narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations. 我們看這個句子是主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)，其中賓語為一些列的并列名詞和短語。
2. 尋找銜接詞：這個句子的銜接詞為：These tales
3. 分析這個句子和上下文的關系：位置1 不可能，因為它后面的句子是一個主題型句子，即，提出論點，而我們要插入的句子為一個小點，屬于論據(jù)。然后看位置2，這里出現(xiàn)了和我們要加入句子一樣的信息點Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake。顯然句子放在位置2是不行的;位置3后面的句子是對其前面句子for their own sake的進一步解釋。所以最后只能是位置4了。
4. 把這個句帶入各個位置。
5. 檢查每個位置，位置4是最恰當?shù)摹?/p>
總之，把握這五大步驟是我們解決插入句子題的一個便利小竅門，具體的應用方法因人而議。理解需要插入句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，找出銜接詞是解題關鍵。同時要注意整個段落的結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯關系。
托福閱讀真題及答案：輸送血液
【Introduction】
輸送血液可以稱為生命的禮物。然而，從每年5百萬輸血病人的大部分情況來看，實際上，輸血弊大于利。
【Section One】Article
Why Banked Blood Goes Bad
It‘s a problem that doctors have been wrestling with for several years, as study after study shows a disturbing spike in heart disease and death in patients receiving transfusions. The trend affects almost every group of critically ill patients — from trauma sufferers in the ER to heart attack victims, patients with anemia and those undergoing chemotherapy. This increase in death and heart disease, doctors say, is unrelated to infectious blood-borne diseases or allergic reactions that often follow transfusions. "After you control for sickness and all sorts of things, patients who receive transfusions still have more heart attacks. It makes no sense," says Dr. Jonathan Stamler, a professor of medicine at Duke University Medical Center.
Logically, and medically, patients who need transfusions — those with low blood counts — should benefit immediately from a transfusion of new oxygen-laden red blood cells. Yet many get sicker. Puzzled by the paradox, Stamler and his colleagues decided to look more closely at banked blood — to figure out whether it underwent certain changes that turned it from life-saving in the donor to potentially deadly in the bag.
Their finding, reported this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: nitric oxide (NO). A workhorse of the blood, the gas helps red blood cells ferry oxygen to tissues and props open tiny vessels to allow freer blood flow. It turns out that within hours of leaving the body, levels of nitric oxide in the blood begin to drop, until, by the time donated blood expires after 42 days, the gas is almost nonexistent. "The reality is that we are giving blood that cannot deliver oxygen properly," says Stamler, lead author of the study. "Many patients who are getting blood are being put at increased risk."
Previous trials have shown that heart disease patients, for example, who receive a blood transfusion to help restore oxygen to deprived tissues, have a 25% chance of having a heart attack and an 8% chance of dying within 30 days; similar patients who do not get transfused have an 8% chance of a cardiac event and a 3% chance of death. Stamler hypothesizes that without NO, red blood cells cannot drill their way into tiny blood vessels; rather, they pile up in narrow passageways, blocking blood flow instead of increasing it and hampering the heart.
Blood transfusions alone may not be directly responsible for these health hazards, but data from other recent studies have been enough to convince physicians to change their so-called transfusion trigger. Doctors have traditionally waited until the patient‘s hematocrit — the proportion of the blood made up of red blood cells — drops below the normal range of 45% to 55% before transfusing. Now, doctors prefer to wait longer, until it falls below 30%. "There is still a lot of controversy about the trigger," says Dr. Lynne Uhl, a transfusion specialist at Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, "but the growing data has reinforced the practice that it‘s okay to let the patient‘s hematocrit drop lower before transfusing."
Wouldn‘t it be more effective if banked blood could simply be improved? Stamler‘s study suggests it can: by replacing nitric oxide in stored blood, Stamler showed that the risk of heart attack and death from transfusion dropped dramatically, at least in mice. And there‘s reason to believe such replenishment could work in human patients as well; already, premature babies born with lung and respiratory problems are placed in NO-rich environments to ensure that their still developing tissues get the oxygen they need to grow properly. For now, the American Red Cross, which oversees 14 million units of banked blood, is waiting for additional study results before changing any of its processing and storage practices.
【Section Two】Vocabulary
1. transfusion
n. 注入, [醫(yī)]輸血, 輸液
2. critically
adv. 批評地, 用鉆研眼光地, 精密地, 危急地
3. infectious
adj. 有傳染性的, 易傳染的, 有感染力的
4. allergic
adj. [醫(yī)]過敏的, 患過敏癥的
5. paradox
n. 似非而是的論點, 自相矛盾的話
6. controversy
n. 論爭, 辯論, 論戰(zhàn)
【Section Three】Homework
1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.
"Logically, and medically, patients who need transfusions — those with low blood counts — should benefit immediately from a transfusion of new oxygen-laden red blood cells. Yet many get sicker."
2. What is the main idear of this Article?
3. The article mentioned "The heart disease patients, who receive a blood transfusion to help restore oxygen to deprived tissues, have a 8% chance of having a heart attack and an 25% chance of dying within 30 days" Right? Why?
4. How to effectively improve the banked blood?
答案:
1. 按道理，從醫(yī)學上來說，因血球少而需要輸血的病人應該很快就從血里的攜氧紅血球獲得益處。而實際上，很多病人病得更嚴重。
(翻譯的不好,僅供參考)
2. No standard answer.
3. False. The correct answer: "Previous trials have shown that heart disease patients, for example, who receive a blood transfusion to help restore oxygen to deprived tissues, have a 25% chance of having a heart attack and an 8% chance of dying within 30 days".
4. By replacing nitric oxide in stored blood.
托福閱讀真題及答案：癌癥
【 Introduction】
在不久的將來,癌癥病人可能會根據(jù)他們基因而接受不同的治療在剛結(jié)束的巴塞羅那癌癥大會上,各國的科學家和醫(yī)生都發(fā)表了關于治療癌癥最新成果.想了解關于癌癥最新信息,就來閱讀這篇科技報道吧
【 Fast Reading 】
Genes Key to Future Cancer Cures
(BARCELONA, Spain) — The treatment that more cancer patients receive may one day depend on their genes.
With an increasing number of biological clues available, doctors hope they will be able to customize more patients’ treatments based on their genetic profiles .
In research presented at a meeting of the European Cancer Organization in Barcelona, experts said this week that these clues will help doctors determine not only which patients will probably develop cancer, but even those who will relapse , or be suitable for specific treatments.
"We are going to witness a revolution in cancer treatment," said Dr. Martine Piccart, head of medicine at the Institut Jules Bordet in Belgium. "In a few years, we will be able to fully demonstrate how powerful these new technologies are."
The real test, however, will be if doctors can then figure out what to do next.
"It’s never encouraging to say to a patient that she’s going to do poorly because of her genes," Piccart said. "We need to be able to offer patients an effective treatment."
Piccart and colleagues have been working to confirm the genetic sequences for women susceptible to breast cancer.
Tailoring treatment based on patients’ genes is being used now on a limited basis. Doctors have been deciding how to treat women with breast cancer depending on their tumor type for the last few years. A simple genetic test can identify breast cancer patients who will actually benefit from chemotherapy, making the toxic side effects worthwhile.
But learning more about breast cancer has also given experts new tools to fight other cancers.
A study presented at the Barcelona meeting Tuesday found an unexpected twist : patients with a certain overactive breast cancer gene were also less likely to respond to chemotherapy for lung cancer.
"We know quite a bit about breast cancer genes, and now we’re looking into the black box of what role they might play in other cancers," said Dr. Gordon McVie, a cancer expert at the European Institute of Oncology.
The problem, McVie said, is that even though researchers may understand a little about what a thousand of the genes involved in cancer do, there are about 31,000 others that they don’t.
Other studies presented in Barcelona on Tuesday identified genes that could triple awoman’s risk of ovarian cancer, as well as molecular profiling to predict which colon cancer patients would benefit from chemotherapy.
Cancer is an incredibly complicated disease, and is influenced by other variables like diet and environmental exposure. Even if researchers can identify the genetic components responsible, many factors remain beyond doctors’ control.
"We haven’t had any big genetic hits ," McVie said, explaining that while scientists have identified genes that predispose people to cancers including breast, bowel , ovarian and colon, those make up only a small amount of all cancers.
"Cracking the genetic code is still a very imprecise science," he said.
Also, on Monday, German researchers said they had developed a test to identify cancer cells circulating in the blood of breast cancer patients. That could potentially enable doctors to catch cancer cells en route to another location — and give them time to intervene to prevent a tumor.
Dr. Julia Juckstock and colleagues at the University of Munich analyzed blood samples from 1,767 women with breast cancer before treatment and compared them to samples taken after about half of them had completed chemotherapy. Preliminary results found evidence of tumor cells in transport in less than 10 percent of the treated patients.
"This is a fascinating development," said Dr. John Smyth, a professor of medical oncology at the University of Edinburgh, who was unconnected to the Munich study.
Instead of a blanket approach to treatment, Smyth said that the test could help doctors pinpoint those women in whom breast cancer was likely to spread and needed extra care.
【 Vocabulary 】
relapse ~ (into sth) to go back into a previous condition or into a worse state after making an improvement: They relapsed into silence.
susceptible ~ (to sb/sth) very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/sth
twist an unexpected change or development in a story or situation
triple to become, or to make sth, three times as much or as many
ovarian [ 植 ] 子房的 , [ 解 ] 卵巢的
colon (anatomy) the lower part of the large INTESTINE (= part of the bowels) 結(jié)腸
bowel one of a system of tubes below the stomach in which solid waste collects before it is passed out of the body 腸
variable noun a situation, number or quantity that can vary or be varied
hit noun If someone who is searching for information on the Internet gets a hit, they find a website where there is that information.
imprecise not accurate; not giving exact details or making sth clear
Preliminary ~ (to sth) happening before a more important action or event
blanket You use blanket to describe something when you want to emphasize that it affects or refers to every person or thing in a group, without any exceptions.
【 Homework 】
1. Please translate the sentence into Chinese.
A study presented at the Barcelona meeting Tuesday found an unexpected twist : patients with a certain overactive breast cancer gene were also less likely to respond to chemotherapy for lung cancer.
2. ”With an increasing number of biological clues available, doctors hope they will be able to customize more patients’ treatments based on their genetic profiles .”
What the best meaning of the profiles here?
A. the outline of a person’s face when you look from the side, not the front
B. a description of sb/sth that gives useful information
C. the general impression that sb/sth gives to the public and the amount of attention they receive
D. the edge or outline of sth that you see against a background
3. How many kinds of cancers are mentioned in this article?
4. Which statement is ture?
A. "We are going to witness a revolution in cancer treatment," said Dr. McVie
B. German researchers said they had developed a test to identify cancer cells circulating in the blood of colon cancer patients.
C. Dr. John Smyth is a professor of medical oncology at the University of Edinburgh, who was unconnected to the Munich study.
D. Dr. Julia Juckstock and colleagues at the University of Tuft analyzed blood samples from 1,767 women with breast cancer before treatment and compared them to samples taken after about half of them had completed chemotherapy
參考答案:
1. 周二的巴塞羅納大會上發(fā)表了一項研究.該研究查明了一個令人意想不到的現(xiàn)象:擁有特定過于活躍的乳癌基因的病人對于化療的反應要低于肺癌(病人)的.
(twist: an unexpected change or development in a story or situation)
(翻譯的不好,僅供參考)
2.B
3.four including breast, bowel, ovarian and colon
4.C
(A: Dr. McVie Dr. Martine Piccart
B: colon cancerbreast cancer
D:the University of Tuft-the University of Munich
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