新托福閱讀新題型的重點解析
新托福閱讀考試中偶爾會出現(xiàn)的“新題型”往往會令許多考生感到茫然和恐慌，不過新托?？荚嚱處熣J為大家對“新題型”完全沒必要害怕，下面托小編就將給我們詳細分析新托福閱讀考試OG中沒出現(xiàn)的各種“新題型”。
新托福閱讀新題型的重點解析
其實這些新題型并不是進入2009年，2010年以或者是2011年新出現(xiàn)的題型。這些題型其實是新托?？荚囎詮恼Q生之日起，就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了的題型，但是由于ETS的官方指南一直沒有將這部分題型列入其中，因此是等到“新托福突破口——TPO”出現(xiàn)之后，才慢慢被人們知曉的，在這之前，只有傳言，但是都是捕風捉影。話不多說，妙文開始!
新托?？荚嘜G列出了閱讀的10種題型：
1. Factual information questions (純粹細節(jié))
2. Negative factual information questions (否定細節(jié))
3. Inference questions (推理題)
4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辭目的題)
5. Vocabulary questions (詞匯題)
6. Reference questions (指代題)
7. Sentence simplification questions (句子簡化題)
8. Insert text question (句子插入題)
9. Prose summary (內(nèi)容摘要題)
10. Fill in a table (表格歸類題)
但實際上，新托福考試閱讀當中還考了一些OG中沒列舉出來的題目：
一.段間關(guān)系概括題：這種題目要求考生概括出2個自然段間的邏輯關(guān)系。比如說《THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION》這篇文章的第6題。
6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph2 and Paragraph3?
Paragraph2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in Paragraph3
Paragraph2 poses several questions, and Paragraph3offers a possible answer to one of them
Paragraph2 presents outdated traditional views, while Paragraph3presents the current scientific conclusions.
Paragraph2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in Paragraph3
二.修辭手法題：這種題目是修辭目的的變體。OG中大多數(shù)題目只考察一個詞組的修辭目的，而實際考試會對一句話甚至整段話的修辭目的進行考察。一個是考修辭對象，一個是考修辭的手段。比如說，《Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction》這篇文章第2題：
2. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?
To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record
To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous
To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster
三.段落結(jié)構(gòu)題：這里題目考查的是文章段落的構(gòu)架，可以算是新題型。比如：《THE ORIGINS OF THEATER》這篇文章的第9題，
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
The author points out problems with two popular theories.
四. 段落主題題：這種題目考查的是整個段落的主題，可以說是老托福段落主題題的延續(xù)：
比如《Petroleum Resources》這篇文章的12題：
12.In paragraph 6, the author’s primary purpose is to
Provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment
Describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress
Give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment
Explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills
五. 雙選題：其實不僅僅在聽力考試之中有雙選題，閱讀考試之中也是有雙選題的，只是ETS有可能覺得這點并不重要，因此沒有通知偶們，例子請見：《The Geologic History of the Mediterranean》這篇文章第5題。
5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
Volcanic rock fragments.
This silt layers
Soft, deep-sea mud
Crystalline salt
以及《THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN》這篇文章第11題：
11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
The prosperity of the elite
Plenty of available housing
Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment
The presence of one or more religious shrines
除此以外，OG對于新托?？荚囬喿x題型的呈現(xiàn)方法也與真實考試有一定距離，如：
一.細節(jié)題的閱讀跨度：OG中大多數(shù)題目只考一段，但是實際考試會有一道題目考2段、甚至是3段的情況。比如《GROUNDWATER》這篇文章的第10題：
10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
It is unusually solid
It often has high porosity.
It has a low proportion of empty space.
It is highly permeable.
二.句子改寫題的句子復(fù)雜性：真實考題比OG中的句子改寫題要長很多，而且邏輯關(guān)系也更復(fù)雜。
三.指代題：OG指代題考得不少，真實考試指代題考得很少。
四.選項長度:真題的選項長度長很多。
五.細節(jié)題題干關(guān)鍵字沒有在原文直接給出。這讓考生定位細節(jié)難度大幅度增加。不過說句公道話，其實在老托?？荚嚲鸵呀?jīng)這樣了，并不是在新托?？荚囍歇氂械?。比如《Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer》這篇文章的第11題。
11.Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?
Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.
Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.
Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.
Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
六. 文章的復(fù)雜程度
托福分類話題詞匯——科技篇
Technology
state-of-?the-?art, cutting edge 尖端的
revolutionize 徹底改革
automated, mechanized 自動化的;機械化的
mass-??production 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)
cost-?effective/economica l性價比高的
transform 改變
breakthrough 突破
break boundaries 打破界限
advance 發(fā)展，前進
information overload, information explosion 信息過量; 信息爆炸
inconceivable, novel, user-?friendly 想象不到的;原創(chuàng)的;用戶友好的
speed up/accelerate, augment/enhance/boost efficiency 加速;提高效率
innovation, ingenious 創(chuàng)新;有獨創(chuàng)性的
at a staggering rate 以一種令人驚愕的速度
ultra-?lightweight, portable 超級輕便的;可攜帶的
transaction交易
the proliferation of the Internet/the intensive use of the Internet/the widespread use of the Internet 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及
托福分類話題詞匯——教育篇
Education
assignment, homework 任務(wù)，家庭作業(yè)
required/compulsory courses, elective courses 必修課程;選修課程
children and youth/adolescent 青少年
adapt to sth./adjust oneself to sth./become accustomed to sth. 適應(yīng)
segregate students 區(qū)分對待學(xué)生
team spirit 團隊精神
think independently 獨立思考
students' feedback/input, 學(xué)生的反饋
students appraise/evaluate their teachers' performance學(xué)生對老師的評價
generalist, specialist, well-rounded/versatile 通才;專才;多才多藝的人
humanities, social science, arts, science and engineering, basic science, applied science 人文;社科;藝術(shù);科技;基礎(chǔ)科 學(xué); 應(yīng)用科學(xué)
self-discipline 自制，自我約束
interact, participation/involvement 交互;參與
schooling, parenting, vocational education, curriculum 上學(xué);父母教育;職業(yè)教育;課程
be proficient in, well-acquainted with, role-model, perform well in 在…..方面很在行
peer pressure, overprotective, frustration 同輩壓力;過度保護;崩潰
thought-provoking, enlightening, inspiring 激發(fā)思考的;啟迪的，激發(fā)的
cultivate/foster/nurture 培養(yǎng)，養(yǎng)成
refreshing, uplifting, motivating 振奮人心的
juvenile delinquency/youth crime, bully, truancy 青少年犯罪;欺凌;逃學(xué)
impart/inculcate knowledge 傳授知識
instill high moral values 灌輸高尚的道德觀
employable/marketable skills 就業(yè)技能
force-feed the students 填鴨教育學(xué)生
memorize for memorization's own sake 為了記憶而記憶
memorize equations, formulas, theorems and laws 背誦公式理論和定理
follow sth. blindly/follow sth. indiscriminately 盲目跟從;不加區(qū)分地跟從
extinguish/stifle/constrain creativity 限制、扼殺創(chuàng)造力
dampen/sap the students' enthusiasm 打擊學(xué)生熱情
adverse circumstances/adversity 逆境
托福寫作重要的三個步驟
第一步：審題、確定立場、列出理由最少3分鐘最多5分鐘。
要避免兩個極端：((只需要在草稿紙上用英文單詞或漢語列出各個理由，防止遺忘))
用時太少，理由沒有想清楚就開始寫作，不僅造成文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)不清，還會引起行文中頻繁的修正，
欲速則不達;
用時太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一條理由及相關(guān)例證都想出來。其實想出兩條之后就可以動筆
，各個理由的例證可以寫到該段時邊思考邊寫。這一點你不必懷疑，只要你的思維還是正常的，一定能做
到。
第二步：正文寫作。最少22分鐘最多26分鐘。
a.各段寫作時注意對段落的不同部分給予不同的重視。
主題句給予最大重視，注意煉句，別說你不想寫主題句，主題句可以使讀者和筆者本人更清晰該段落
寫什么。各段中支持性細節(jié)寫作不必遵循相同的模式。有n種選擇可供參考：1. 舉具體事例 2. 說對方相
對缺點3. 使用數(shù)據(jù) 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用類比、比喻、引用等修辭手段來論述。 哪一種你最容易想
出來，就用哪一種。
b.考前將文章開頭、結(jié)尾、例證、讓步等各種句套背熟練,并且練習和?？紩r把他們用熟，要象做完
型填空一樣對待考場作文。別試圖在考場上再現(xiàn)去決定比如哪種開頭好，怎樣結(jié)尾好。使用自己選種的套
話。
c.當被告知還有5分鐘結(jié)束時，一般你已經(jīng)該寫到最后一條理由，或者已經(jīng)在做結(jié)尾。要確保文章有
結(jié)尾段。(不排除將他和最后一條理由的末段結(jié)合在一起的可能性。)
第三步：檢查。需要1-3分鐘，有側(cè)重點地檢查。
1、句法：確保每句話是完整的，有謂語，且簡單句只有一個謂語。
2、時態(tài)：文章絕大部分使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時;一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱要使用單數(shù);使用過去發(fā)生的事
例時用的是過去時;
3、主謂一致
按此三步，持續(xù)練習5篇以上，可以確保時間問題。
整潔
1、TWE要求必須用鉛筆寫作文，你要自己準備好鉛筆和橡皮。橡皮要有韌性，太硬會擦破紙，有錯誤
要擦干凈再改;
2、第一遍寫作時要求字跡不要太大也不要太小，通常一行寫10-12個左右單詞為宜。如果書法不好，
可以在考前練習寫一下斜體的26個字母的寫法。
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新托福閱讀新題型的重點解析
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