托福閱讀修辭目的題怎么解
托福閱讀考試中，托福修辭題目是什么呢?托福閱讀修辭題目就是托福閱讀文章中作者意圖的提問，那么應(yīng)該如何解答這些題目呢?本文將為正在備戰(zhàn)托福的同學(xué)們帶來托福閱讀修辭目的題怎么解的內(nèi)容，希望能夠幫助到大家。
托福閱讀修辭目的題怎么解
從托?？荚嚦鲱}的形式上講：
Why does the author mention/discuss …?
The author mentions/discusses … in order to ______.
The author uses … as an example of_____.
做這類托福題目時有些同學(xué)往往會出現(xiàn)黑人問號，我怎么知道作者怎么想的!
其實，這類題目和托福其他題目一樣，都是有套路的。至少，托福閱讀里的修辭目的題是不會要求考生們對鍋里的魚眼里“詭異的光”進(jìn)行理解的。
言歸正傳，那么做這類題目的套路究竟是什么呢?
首先我們要知道托福文章結(jié)構(gòu)有一個規(guī)律，就是claim(觀點)+detail(s)，換句話說就是給出一個觀點，然后用一個或者若干個細(xì)節(jié)或者例子來支撐前面的觀點。
不論是從托福文章整體架構(gòu)，段落結(jié)構(gòu)，還是更微觀的行文結(jié)構(gòu)來看，一般來說這個規(guī)律都成立。而修辭目的題實質(zhì)上就是出題人把一個detail拎出來問你，作者為什么要提到這個detail。到這里，問題的關(guān)鍵就變成了找到這個detail對應(yīng)的claim究竟在哪里。
最簡單的模型就是，claim后面就一個detail支撐，這種情況下，自然detail前面緊挨著的那句話就是作者的觀點，即提到這個detail的目的是為了說明前面的這個觀點。
然而有時候，作者會用不止一個detail來支撐最前面的claim，模型視圖如下
Claim+ detail 1 + detail 2 + detail 3
這種時候，如果出題人把detail 3拎出來問你它的目的，顯然答案就不是為了支持緊挨著它的前面那句話了，而應(yīng)該是遙相支持前面的前面的前面的那個claim。
根據(jù)以上原理，我們總結(jié)出了一個做題步驟，幫助大家高效地找到這個claim。
簡言之，
1. 找出托福閱讀題目中的關(guān)鍵詞
2. 用關(guān)鍵詞定位原文
3. 按照原句 -- 前面1~2句 -- 段落第一句的順序找到claim
4. 根據(jù)原文claim找到對應(yīng)選項
可以看出，步驟1和2是在文章中找到題目里提到的detail的位置，當(dāng)然，如果文中已經(jīng)給你highligh出來了的話這兩個步驟就省掉了
而步驟3才是在找claim
下面，我們來進(jìn)行一個實操應(yīng)用：
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
很明顯，這道題需要我們自己去找到detail的位置，所以我們要從第1個步驟開始做起：找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞
examples of how organisms are destroyed(生物被摧毀的例子)
第2步，我們要拿著關(guān)鍵詞到段落里面去找detail對應(yīng)的原句，即哪里有提到生物被摧毀的例子
Paragraph 1: When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.
我們看下來后會發(fā)現(xiàn)有且僅有紅色部分是一些摧毀生物的具體例子，清道夫、細(xì)菌、化學(xué)侵蝕等等，至此我們完成了第2步，定位出了detail對應(yīng)的原句。
第3步，到這句話的前面找它對應(yīng)的claim，這道題里，它前面只有一句話，那讓我們來驗證一下這是不是這個detail所支撐的觀點呢?
When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are.
(當(dāng)一個人知道生物死后會被如此多的方式所完全分解毀滅，那他就會感嘆世界上化石如此普遍有多不可思議)
看起來邏輯上可以成為生物被摧毀的例子所支撐的對象吧
那我們現(xiàn)在來做第4步，根據(jù)找出來的claim去選出最接近的選項
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
選項1是不是就是我們找出來的claim的同義復(fù)述呀?答案就是它了!
All in all，只要把握好題型背后的原理，媽媽再也不用擔(dān)心你做不好修辭目的題了!
托?？荚囬喿x技巧：六大閱讀策略
托?？荚囬喿x技巧1：兩分鐘預(yù)讀
花上兩分鐘的時間快速瀏覽文章的題目;掌握第一段的內(nèi)容大義;閱讀每一段的第一句話;閱讀文章最后一段。這個能比較快地對文章的大體內(nèi)容有個一定的了解。
托?？荚囬喿x技巧2：利用題干關(guān)鍵詞
先讀題干，劃出題干的關(guān)鍵詞; 利用劃出的關(guān)鍵詞迅速找到對應(yīng)的文章中的相應(yīng)內(nèi)容;通過閱讀文章的相關(guān)內(nèi)容回歸題干找出正確選項(或者通過排除法來找出正確選項)。
托?？荚囬喿x技巧3：快速閱讀
因為托福閱讀的篇幅很長，所以考生在進(jìn)行閱讀的時候要學(xué)會快速地閱讀。最好能做到用余光來覆蓋信息;從而了解每一段的大意和作者的用意，而不是一字一字地閱讀每一個單詞的含義。
托福考試閱讀技巧4：利用上下文來猜測生詞
考生要在備考時掌握托?？荚嚨暮诵脑~匯、高頻詞匯。但是托福閱讀的篇幅長，詞匯量也比較大，考生在考試時難免會遇到生詞。這個時候要學(xué)會利用上下文把生詞融入到語境中進(jìn)行理解。從而猜測生詞的意思。
托福考試閱讀技巧5：做出推論
考生們要學(xué)會定位找出文章的邏輯細(xì)節(jié)，也就是論據(jù);然后利用各種結(jié)構(gòu)指示詞和文章的主題來判斷這些細(xì)節(jié)的作用。
托?？荚囬喿x技巧6：概述總結(jié)
仔細(xì)閱讀文章的第一段，找出觀點;了解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，注意文章是如何對觀點進(jìn)行展開的，通常是一個主要觀點有3個中心點支持(一個段落一個中心點)，而每個段落的中心點又會有2-4個要點支持。
托福閱讀真題1
The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than Earth's, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive, Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter's interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic hydrogen. Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. Some scientists believe that the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.
Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter's puzzling Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.
Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval heat or heat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance — from rocky moons close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.
1. The word attained in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) attempted
(B) changed
(C) lost
(D) reached
2. The word flamed in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) burned
(B) divided
(C) fallen
(D) grown
3. The word they in line 7 refers to
(A) nuclear reactions
(B) giant planets
(C) terrestrial
(D) substances
4. According to the passage , hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is
(A) extremely hot
(B) combined with helium
(C) similar to atmospheres
(D) under great pressures
5. According to the passage , some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that they
both have
(A) solid surfaces
(B) similar masses
(C) similar atmospheres
(D) metallic cores
6. The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly composed of
(A) ammonia
(B) helium
(C) hydrogen
(D) methane
7. It can be inferred from the passage that the appearance of alternating bands circling Jupiter is
caused by
(A) the Great Red Spot
(B) heat from the Sun
(C) the planet's fast rotation
(D) Storms from the planet's Southern Hemisphere
8. The author uses the word puzzling in line 17 to suggest that the Great Red Spot is
(A) the only spot of its kind
(B) not well understood
(C) among the largest of such spots
(D) a problem for the planet's continued existence
9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as the Sun.
(B) Jupiter has a weaker gravitational force than the other planets.
(C) Scientists believe that Jupiter was once a star.
(D) Scientists might learn about the beginning of the Solar System by Studying Jupiter.
10. Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 21)?
(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun
(B) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets
(C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has
(D) To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat that Jupiter gives off
11. According to the passage , Jupiter's most distant moon is
(A) the least dense
(B) the largest
(C) warm on the surface
(D) very rocky on the surface
12. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?
(A) If Jupiter had fewer satellites, it would be easier for scientists to study the planet itself.
(B) If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have developed internal nuclear reactions.
(C) If Jupiter had been smaller, it would have become a terrestrial planet.
(D) if Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat
PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB
托福閱讀真題2
Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.
Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead. Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development — the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods. For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?
Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.
1. What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?
(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.
(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.
(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.
(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.
2. The word diverse in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) small
(B) varied
(C) wild
(D) particular
3. The word ensures in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) guarantees
(B) proves
(C) teaches
(D) assumes
4. According to the passage , if a mother goose is not present during the time period when
imprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?
(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.
(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.
(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.
(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.
5. The word it in line 12 refers to
(A) development
(B) goose
(C) time
(D) object
6. The word suitably in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) willingly
(B) moderately
(C) appropriately
(D) emotionally
7. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT
(A) grasping
(B) crying
(C) eating
(D) smiling
8. According to the passage , attachment behaviors of infants are intended to
(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met
(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent
(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation
(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation
9. The phrase affectional tie in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) cognitive development
(B) emotional attachment
(C) psychological need
(D) behavioral change
10. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that
(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied
(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence
(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals
(D) there are similarities between animal and human behavior
PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD
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