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1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴著面具身著盛裝的人們，經(jīng)常扮演各種其他人物、動物或超自然生靈，并且作為一個扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一個在狩獵或戰(zhàn)役中獲勝、降雨的來臨，陽光的重現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是這些事實不能解釋這個令人感興趣的問題，就是為什么在一個特殊的靠近他們出生的地方如此的集中了這么多懷孕的魚龍。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世紀一系列持續(xù)的機械進步，包括踏板的傳入、金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的完善和鋼絲最完美的質(zhì)量，最后產(chǎn)生了一種能容納無數(shù)音調(diào)-從最精致的和弦到一個成熟管弦的聲音或從一個清澈的歌聲到輝煌的敲擊樂的效果-的樂器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

雖然我們習慣于談到1972年以前的電影是無聲的，但用一句完全感性的話來說電影從來就不是沒有聲音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以來電影音樂的選擇程序完全掌握在導演和音樂督導手中，通常擁有這些權(quán)力的主要資格并非是自身的技藝和品味而更多的是因為擁有大量的個人音樂素材庫。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更進一步，他們是由一個頂層是毛紡或光滑的精紡羊毛織物制作，包含光滑，緊湊的紗線來自長羊毛的纖維染成蘭黑色、綠色、或褐色底層含有粗糙天然的和暗黃色的毛紡材料。

7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季，要精確量度干旱、熱量、冰雹、蝗蟲和其他損失可能是一件疲勞的事情。

8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

我們今天所謂的美國民間藝術，實際上是普通老百姓的藝術、被普通老百姓創(chuàng)造的藝術和為普通老百姓和日常提到的“民間人士”的藝術，是一個他們在社會日漸繁榮和休閑情況下創(chuàng)建的一個包含各種各樣尤其是肖像畫種類的藝術的市場。

9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他們沒有農(nóng)業(yè)，但是經(jīng)過幾千年，已經(jīng)發(fā)展了探索自身環(huán)境的技術和設備。他們是基于大量出現(xiàn)鮭魚、大比目魚和其他多種魚類的自身流域和水岸捕魚的經(jīng)濟;基于從落基山水岸聚集了鮑魚、蚌類、蛤和其他貝殼動物的經(jīng)濟;基于捕獵地域和海洋哺乳動物的經(jīng)濟;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的經(jīng)濟。

托福閱讀真題1

Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing.

Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplained behavior: honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun's position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location of the new site.

Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five chips and three chips, the other four chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The role of instinct in animal behavior

(B) Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior

(C) The use of food in studies of animal behavior

(D) Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory

experiments.

2. Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?

(A) Selecting among choices

(B) Anticipating events to come

(C) Remembering past experiences

(D) Communicating emotions

3. What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?

(A) To determine the quantity of food at a site

(B) To communicate the location of food

(C) To increase the speed of travel to food sources

(D) To identify the type of nectar that is available

4. The word yet in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) however

(B) since

(C) generally

(D) so far

5. What did researchers discover in the study of honeybees discussed in paragraph 2?

(A) Bees are able to travel at greater speeds than scientists thought.

(B) The bees could travel 25% farther than scientists expected.

(C) The bees were able to determine in advance where scientists would place their food.

(D) Changing the location of food caused bees to decrease their dance activity.

6. It can be inferred from the passage that brain size is assumed to

(A) be an indicator of cognitive ability

(B) vary among individuals within a species

(C) be related to food consumption

(D) correspond to levels of activity

7. Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?

(A) To provide an example of tool use among animals

(B) To prove that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species

(C) To illustrate how otters are using objects as tools

(D) To demonstrate why mother chimpanzees show their young how to use tools

8. The word rudimentary in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) superior

(B) original

(C) basic

(D) technical

9. It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 20-22)

that young chimpanzees have difficulty

(A) communicating with their mothers

(B) adding quantities

(C) making choices

(D) opening hard nuts

10. The phrase the one in line 24-25 refers to the

(A) study

(B) pair

(C) chimpanzee

(D) ability

11. Scientists concluded from the experiment with chimpanzees and chocolate chips that

chimpanzees

(A) lack abilities that other primates have

(B) prefer to work in pairs or groups

(C) exhibit behavior that indicates certain mathematical abilities

(D) have difficulty selecting when given choices

PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C

托福閱讀真題2

A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during presidential campaigns knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in the United States.

North Americans are familiar with the many person-on-the-street interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the newspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.

In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.

There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The history of surveys in North America

(B) The principles of conducting surveys

(C) Problems associated with interpreting surveys

(D) The importance of polls in American political life

2. The word they in line 8 refers to

(A) North Americans

(B) news shows

(C) interviews

(D) opinions

3. According to the passage , the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is that

they

(A) are not based on a representative sampling

(B) are used only on television

(C) are not carefully worded

(D) reflect political opinions

4. The word precise in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) planned

(B) rational

(C) required

(D) accurate

5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?

(A) A high number of respondents

(B) Carefully worded questions

(C) An interviewer's ability to measure respondents' feelings

(D) A sociologist who is able to interpret the results

6. The word exercise in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) utilize

(B) consider

(C) design

(D) defend

7. The word elicit in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) compose

(B) rule out

(C) predict

(D) bring out

8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason that sociologists may become frustrated

with questionnaires is that

(A) respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires

(B) questionnaires are often difficult to read

(C) questionnaires are expensive and difficult to distribute

(D) respondents are too eager to supplement questions with their own opinions

9. According to the passage , one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that live

interviews

(A) cost less

(B) can produce more information

(C) are easier to interpret

(D) minimize the influence of the researcher

10. The word probe in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) explore

(B) influence

(C) analyze

(D) apply

11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Survey (line 1)

(B) Public opinion (line 8)

(C) Representative sampling (line 13)

(D) Response rate (line 24)

PASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A

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