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考研英語(yǔ)經(jīng)濟(jì)類(lèi)閱讀理解及答案：Staggering
Things are slow to change in America's boardrooms
THE annual review of American company board practices by Korn/Ferry, a firm of headhunters, is a useful indicator of the health of corporate governance. T
his year's review, published on November 12th, shows that the Sarbanes-Oxley act, passed in 2002 to try to prevent a repeat of corporate collapses such as Enron's and WorldCom's, has had an impact on the boardroom--albeit at an average implementation cost that Korn/Ferry estimates at .1m per firm.
Two years ago, only 41% of American firms said they regularly held meetings of directors without their chief executive present; this year the figure was 93%. But some things have been surprisingly unaffected by the backlash against corporate scandals. For example, despite a growing feeling that former chief executives should not sit on their company's board, the percentage of American firms where they do has actually edged up, from 23% in 2003 to 25% in 2004.
Also, disappointingly few firms have split the jobs of chairman and chief executive. Another survey of American boards published this week, by A.T. Kearney, a firm of consultants, found that in 2002 14% of the boards of S&P 500 firms had separated the roles, and a further 16% said they planned to do so. But by 2004 only 23% overall had taken the plunge. A survey earlier in the year by consultants at McKinsey found that 70% of American directors and investors supported the idea of splitting the jobs, which is standard practice in Europe.
Another disappointment is the slow progress in abolishing "staggered" boards--ones where only one-third of the directors are up for re-election each year, to three-year terms. Invented as a defence against takeover, such boards, according to a new Harvard Law School study by Lucian Bebchuk and Alma Cohen, are unambiguously "associated with an economically significant reduction in firm value".
Despite this, the percentage of S&P 500 firms with staggered boards has fallen only slightly--from 63% in 2001 to 60% in 2003, according to the Investor Responsibility Research Centre. And many of those firms that have been forced by shareholders to abolish the system are doing so only slowly. Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effects of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they are all re-elected (or otherwise) annually. Other companies' staggered boards are entrenched in their corporate charters, which cannot be amended by a shareholders' vote. Anyone who expected the scandals of 2001 to bring about rapid change in the balance of power between managers and owners was, at best, naive.
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Economist; 11/13/2004, Vol. 373 Issue 8401, p67-67, 4/9p
注(1)：本文選自Economist;11/13/2004, p67-67, 4/9p;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿1998年真題text 1第2題(1)，2002年真題text 2第2題(2)，text 5第3題(3)，2004年真題text 4第2題(4)和1999年真題text 1第4題(5);
1.The Sarbanes-Oxley act is most probably about_________.
[A] corporate scandal
[B] corporate management
[C] corporate cost
[D] corporate governance
2.The word “backlash” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) most probably means_________.
[A] a violent force
[B] a strong impetus
[C] a firm measure
[D] a strong negative reaction
3.According to the text, separating the roles between chairman and chief executive
is________.
[A] a common practice in American companies
[B] what many European companies do
[C] a must to keep the health of a company
[D] not a popular idea among American entrepreneurs
4.We learn from the text that a "staggered" board________.
[A] is adverse to the increment of firm value
[B] gives its board members too much power
[C] has been abolished by most American companies
[D] can be voted down by shareholders
5.Toward the board practice of American companies, the writer’s attitude can be said to
be________.
[A] biased
[B] pessimistic
[C] objective
[D] critical
答案：D D B A D
篇章剖析
本篇文章是一篇議論文，對(duì)美國(guó)公司的董事會(huì)變化緩慢的情況提出了批評(píng)。第一段引用一家獵頭公司的年度評(píng)論說(shuō)明一項(xiàng)旨在防止公司財(cái)務(wù)丑聞的法案已經(jīng)對(duì)美國(guó)公司的董事會(huì)產(chǎn)生了影響;在第二段作者筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，說(shuō)明雖然公司丑聞對(duì)于公司董事會(huì)的做法產(chǎn)生了一些影響，但仍然有一些方面毫無(wú)變化或者變化緩慢。接下來(lái)作者分析了幾種典型的情況;三段指出了一些公司董事和總裁職務(wù)不分的情況;第四斷指出一些公司在廢除“交錯(cuò)董事任期”的董事會(huì)方面進(jìn)展緩慢;第五段以具體的例子對(duì)上述情況加以說(shuō)明并得出結(jié)論：要改變職業(yè)經(jīng)理人和公司所有人之間的權(quán)力平衡并非一蹴而就之事。
詞匯注釋
headhunter: [5hedhQntE(r)] n. 用高薪征聘人才者
governance: [5^QvEnEns] n. 治理;管理
boardroom: [5bC:dru:m] n. (董事會(huì))會(huì)議室
albeit: [C:l5bi:It] conj. 雖然
backlash: [5bAklAF] n. 激烈反應(yīng)，激烈反對(duì)對(duì)一個(gè)較早行動(dòng)的對(duì)抗性反應(yīng)
take the plunge: 冒險(xiǎn)，采取斷然行動(dòng)
staggered: [5stA^Ed] adj. 交錯(cuò)的
unambiguously: [5QnAm5bi^juEsli] adv. 明白地,不含糊地
pharmaceutical: [7fB:mE5sju:tikEl] adj. 制藥的;調(diào)藥的
arthritis: [B:5Wraitis] n. 關(guān)節(jié)炎
entrench: [In5trentF] v. 保護(hù)
amend: [E5mend] v. 改正;修改
難句突破
Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effects of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they are all re-elected (or otherwise) annually.
主體句式：Merck is allowing its directors to run their full term
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句，句子的主語(yǔ)之后又一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的同位語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)，句子中還有一個(gè)before引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)，在這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)中含有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。before在這種情況下通常譯為“才”。
句子譯文：因?yàn)樗a(chǎn)的關(guān)節(jié)炎藥物Vioxx的潛在副作用而陷入困境的默克制藥公司現(xiàn)在允許其董事任期直到屆滿，然后才會(huì)引入一個(gè)每年將所有人重新選任一遍(或者別的方法)的制度。
題目分析
1. 答案為D，屬推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段，the Sarbanes-Oxley act的通過(guò)是為了防止再次出現(xiàn)類(lèi)似安然公司或者世通公司垮掉的情況。而文章又提到在公司治理方面，該法案已經(jīng)顯現(xiàn)出了一定的影響力?？梢?jiàn)，該法案是有關(guān)公司治理的法案。
2. 答案為D，屬猜詞題。首先確定“backlash”與反對(duì)公司丑聞?dòng)嘘P(guān)，其次，下文對(duì)backlash給了一個(gè)具體的例子，就是“越來(lái)越多的人認(rèn)為前任總裁不應(yīng)該繼續(xù)留在董事會(huì)里”，顯然這符合選項(xiàng)D中的“強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)抗性/否定性反應(yīng)”。
3. 答案為B，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句，將董事長(zhǎng)和總裁的職務(wù)區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)是“歐洲的行業(yè)慣例”。
4. 答案為A，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第四段的一份最新哈佛商學(xué)院研究，“staggered board”是為了防止公司權(quán)力被奪取而被發(fā)明的，但它顯然“和公司價(jià)值的顯著下降有關(guān)”?？梢?jiàn)這種交錯(cuò)董事任期的董事會(huì)不利于公司價(jià)值的增長(zhǎng)。
5. 答案為D，屬推理判斷題。本文指出雖然出臺(tái)了防止公司丑聞的法案，但美國(guó)公司的董事會(huì)變化依然緩慢。繼而分析了幾種令人失望的情況。在文章最末作者指出，人們不應(yīng)該天真的相信2001年的丑聞會(huì)迅速改變職業(yè)經(jīng)理人和公司所有人之間的權(quán)力平衡?？梢?jiàn)作者對(duì)美國(guó)公司的董事會(huì)持批評(píng)的態(tài)度。
參考譯文
獵頭公司“光輝國(guó)際”(Korn/Ferry)推出的美國(guó)公司董事會(huì)慣例年度評(píng)論是了解公司治理狀況的有用指南。今年11月12日發(fā)表的年度評(píng)論表明，2002年通過(guò)的旨在防止類(lèi)似安然公司和世通公司垮掉的事情再次發(fā)生的《薩班-奧西利法案》對(duì)董事會(huì)已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了一定的影響---雖然按照“光輝國(guó)際”的估計(jì)，實(shí)施該法案的平均成本是每家公司510萬(wàn)美元。
兩年前，只有41%的美國(guó)公司說(shuō)他們會(huì)在首席執(zhí)行官不在場(chǎng)的情況下定期舉行董事會(huì);今年這一數(shù)字達(dá)到了93%。不過(guò)，令人驚異的是，對(duì)公司丑聞的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)并沒(méi)有影響到某些事情的發(fā)展。例如，雖然越來(lái)越多的人認(rèn)為前任總裁不應(yīng)該繼續(xù)留在董事會(huì)里，但美國(guó)公司董事會(huì)中前任總裁的比率不降反升了，從2003年的23%上升到了2004年的25%。
另外，將董事長(zhǎng)和總裁的職務(wù)區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)的公司很少，這一點(diǎn)令人頗為失望。一家咨詢公司“A.T.卡尼”公司在本周發(fā)布的另外一份對(duì)美國(guó)董事會(huì)的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，2002年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500家公司中，有14%的董事會(huì)已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了職務(wù)角色的區(qū)分，另有16%的董事會(huì)表示計(jì)劃這么做?？墒堑?004年，在全部公司中，只有23%的公司采取了行動(dòng)。同年早些時(shí)候麥肯錫公司的咨詢師發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，70%的美國(guó)董事和投資人支持職務(wù)區(qū)分的想法，而這在歐洲早已是行業(yè)慣例了。
另一件令人失望的事情就是在廢除“交錯(cuò)董事任期”的董事會(huì)方面進(jìn)展緩慢---所謂交錯(cuò)董事任期，就是每年只改選三分之一的董事，而每一屆董事的任期是三年。依據(jù)呂西安·貝布查克和阿爾瑪·科恩的一份最新哈佛商學(xué)院研究，這種為了防止公司權(quán)力被奪取而發(fā)明的董事會(huì)顯然“和公司價(jià)值的顯著下降有關(guān)”。
盡管如此，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500公司中有交錯(cuò)董事任期的董事會(huì)比例卻只有輕微下降---“投資人責(zé)任研究中心”的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，該比率僅從2001年的63%下降到了2003年的60%。許多被股東施壓要求放棄這一制度的公司現(xiàn)在只是緩慢地著手這一工作。因?yàn)樗a(chǎn)的關(guān)節(jié)炎藥物Vioxx的潛在副作用而陷入困境的默克制藥公司現(xiàn)在允許其董事任期直到屆滿，然后才會(huì)引入一個(gè)每年將所有人重新選任一遍(或者別的方法)的制度。其他公司交錯(cuò)董事任期的董事會(huì)是由公司規(guī)章確立的，不能由股東投票改變。如果有人期望2001年的丑聞會(huì)迅速改變職業(yè)經(jīng)理人和公司所有人之間的權(quán)力平衡的話，那么他未免太天真了。
考研英語(yǔ)經(jīng)濟(jì)類(lèi)閱讀理解及答案：Burnished
Up goes gold, down goes the dollar
MOST economists hate gold. Not, you understand, that they would turn up their noses at a bar or two. But they find the reverence in which many hold the me
tal almost irrational. That it was used as money for millennia is irrelevant: it isn't any more. Modern money takes the form of paper or, more often, electronic data. To economists, gold is now just another commodity.
So why is its price soaring? Over the past week, this has topped 0 a troy ounce, up by 9% since the beginning of the year and 77% since April 2001. Ah, comes the reply, gold transactions are denominated in dollars, and the rise in the price simply reflects the dollar's fall in terms of other currencies, especially the euro, against which it hit a new low this week. Expressed in euros, the gold price has moved much less. However, there is no iron link, as it were, between the value of the dollar and the value of gold. A rising price of gold, like that of anything else, can reflect an increase in demand as well as a depreciation of its unit of account.
This is where gold bulls come in. The fall in the dollar is important, but mainly because as a store of value the dollar stinks. With a few longish rallies, the greenback has been on a downward trend since it came off the gold standard in 1971. Now it is suffering one of its sharper declines. At the margin, extra demand has come from those who think dollars--indeed any money backed by nothing more than promises to keep inflation low--a decidedly risky investment, mainly because America, with the world's reserve currency, has been able to create and borrow so many of them. The least painful way of repaying those dollars is to make them worth less.
The striking exception to this extra demand comes from central banks, which would like to sell some of the gold they already have. As a legacy of the days when their currencies were backed by the metal, central banks still hold one-fifth of the world's gold. Last month the Bank of France said it would sell 500 tonnes in coming years. But big sales by central banks can cause the price to plunge--as when the Bank of England sold 395 tonnes between 1999 and 2002. The result was an agreement between central banks to co-ordinate and limit future sales.
If the price of gold marches higher, this agreement will presumably be ripped up, although a dollar crisis might make central banks think twice about switching into paper money. Will the overhang of central-bank gold drag the price down again? Not necessarily. As James Grant, gold bug and publisher of Grant's Interest Rate Observer, a newsletter, points out, in recent years the huge glut of government debt has not stopped a sharp rise in its price.
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Economist; 12/4/2004, Vol. 373 Issue 8404, p76-76, 1/3p, 1 graph
注(1)：本文選自Economist;12/4/2004, p76-76, 1/3p;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿2000年真題text 4第3題(1)，2001年真題text 4第2題(2)，text 1第2題(3)，2002年真題text 2第2題(4)和text 5第3題(5);
1.In economists’ eyes, gold is something__________.
[A] they look down upon
[B] that can be exchanged in the market
[C] worth people’s reverence
[D] that should be replaced by other forms of money
2.According to the author, one of the reasons for the rising of gold price is___________.
[A] the increasing demand for gold
[B] the depreciation of the euro
[C] the link between the dollar and gold
[D] the increment of the value of the dollar
3.We can infer from the third paragraph that_________.
[A] the decline of the dollar is inevitable
[B] America benefits from the depreciation of the dollar
[C] the depreciation of the dollar is good news to other currencies
[D] investment in the dollar yields more returns than that in gold
4.The phrase “ripped up” (Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means__________.
[A] strengthened
[B] broadened
[C] renegotiated
[D] torn up
5.According to the passage, the rise of gold price__________.
[A] will not last long
[B] will attract some central banks to sell gold
[C] will impel central banks to switch into paper money
[D] will lead to a dollar crisis
答案：B A B D B
篇章剖析
本篇文章采用了提出問(wèn)題-分析問(wèn)題的模式，分析了金價(jià)上漲，美元下跌的經(jīng)濟(jì)態(tài)勢(shì)。第一段說(shuō)明黃金是一種商品;第二段分析了金價(jià)上漲的原因：金價(jià)的上漲反映了需求的增加以及計(jì)價(jià)單位的貶值;第三段美元下跌的原因;第四段分析了各國(guó)央行的反應(yīng);最后一段對(duì)金價(jià)繼續(xù)上揚(yáng)可能帶來(lái)的影響進(jìn)行了分析。
詞匯注釋
reverence: [5revErEns] n. 崇敬，尊敬
millennia: [mI`lenIE] n. millennium的復(fù)數(shù)
soaring: [5sC:riN] adj. 劇增的;上升到明顯高于正常水平的
troy ounce: n. 金衡制盎司, 金衡?
denominate: [di5nCmineit] v. 以…面值發(fā)行以某種給定的貨幣單位發(fā)行或表達(dá)
euro: [`jJErEJ] n. 歐元
depreciation: [dIpri:FI5eIF(E)n] n. 跌價(jià);貶值
bull: [bul] n. 買(mǎi)空;(做)多頭
stink: [stiNk] v. 發(fā)出臭味
longish: [5lRNIF] adj. 相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的
rally: [5rAli] n. (行情、價(jià)格等)跌后復(fù)升
greenback: [`^ri:nbAk] n. 美鈔
tonne: [tQn] n. 公噸(=1,000公斤或稱 metric ton)
rip up: 斯毀;取消
overhang: [5EuvE5hAN] n. 突出量
難句突破
At the margin, extra demand has come from those who think dollars--indeed any money backed by nothing more than promises to keep inflation low--a decidedly risky investment, mainly because America, with the world's reserve currency, has been able to create and borrow so many of them.
主體句式：extra demand has come
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句，from這個(gè)介詞所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)中包含一個(gè)who 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，主句之后是一個(gè)because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。nothing more than的意思是“只不過(guò)，僅僅”。
句子譯文：在此下跌情況下，導(dǎo)致金價(jià)上揚(yáng)的額外需求來(lái)自于那些認(rèn)為美元---或者任何一種依靠抑制通脹的許諾來(lái)支撐的貨幣—無(wú)疑是一種高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資的人，主要因?yàn)槊绹?guó)擁有美元這一世界儲(chǔ)備貨幣，而且一直能夠制造和借來(lái)很多美元。
題目分析
1. 答案為B，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第一段提到經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家不喜歡黃金的原因是人們對(duì)黃金缺乏理性的崇拜。在他們看來(lái)，黃金只不過(guò)是一種商品，也就是可以在市場(chǎng)交換的東西。
2. 答案為A，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第二段分析了金價(jià)上漲的兩個(gè)主要原因：金價(jià)用美元表示，而美元相對(duì)于其他貨幣貶值了;市場(chǎng)對(duì)黃金需求的增加。
3. 答案為B，屬推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段，美國(guó)因?yàn)閾碛惺澜鐑?chǔ)備貨幣，而且一直能夠制造和借來(lái)很多美元。要償還這些美元，最不費(fèi)力的方式就是讓美元貶值。可見(jiàn)，美元貶值對(duì)美國(guó)是有益無(wú)害的事情。
4. 答案為D，屬猜詞題。根據(jù)文章第四段，為了防止出現(xiàn)一國(guó)央行大量拋售黃金導(dǎo)致金價(jià)下跌的情況，各國(guó)央行達(dá)成協(xié)議，協(xié)調(diào)和限制今后的黃金銷(xiāo)售。如果金價(jià)持續(xù)上漲，很可能一些央行會(huì)再次拋售黃金(文中提到法國(guó)央行出售黃金的決定)，那樣各國(guó)央行之間的協(xié)議就會(huì)被破壞。因此，根據(jù)上下文，“ripped up”最有可能的意思就是“torn up”(撕毀)。
5. 答案為B，屬推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段，在許多買(mǎi)家大量買(mǎi)入黃金的同時(shí)，許多央行卻打算將他們囤積的黃金出售。文章第五段說(shuō)，如果金價(jià)繼續(xù)上揚(yáng)，各國(guó)央行之間的“限制和協(xié)調(diào)未來(lái)黃金銷(xiāo)售”的協(xié)議將會(huì)被打破，也就是說(shuō)金價(jià)的上漲會(huì)吸引各國(guó)央行出售黃金。
參考譯文
大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都討厭黃金。要知道，這可不是因?yàn)樗麄兦撇黄鹨粌蓧K金條，而是因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)現(xiàn)許多人對(duì)這種金屬的崇敬幾乎到了毫無(wú)理性的地步。這與它被用作千禧年的貨幣并無(wú)關(guān)系：那已經(jīng)是昨日黃花了?，F(xiàn)代貨幣采用的是紙幣的形式，或者，更多時(shí)候，采用的是電子數(shù)據(jù)的形式。對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，黃金現(xiàn)在只是另外一種商品。
那么為什么金價(jià)會(huì)大幅上漲呢?在過(guò)去一周里，每金衡(1金衡約31.1025克)的價(jià)格達(dá)到了450美元，比年初上漲了9%，而比2001年4月則上漲了77%。啊，答案來(lái)了，黃金交易是以美元來(lái)計(jì)數(shù)的，價(jià)格的上漲只是反映了美元對(duì)其他貨幣的比價(jià)，尤其是對(duì)歐元比價(jià)的下跌，而本周美元對(duì)歐元的比價(jià)又創(chuàng)新低。用歐元計(jì)數(shù)的話，金價(jià)的波動(dòng)要小得多。然而，美元價(jià)值和黃金價(jià)值之間似乎并沒(méi)有固定聯(lián)系。像其他任何東西一樣，金價(jià)的上漲反映了需求的增加以及計(jì)價(jià)單位的貶值。
因此就出現(xiàn)了黃金買(mǎi)空。美元的下跌之所以重要主要是因?yàn)樽鳛橐环N價(jià)值儲(chǔ)存手段美鈔可謂臭名昭著。自從1971年美元脫離金本位，就一直處于跌勢(shì)，其間只有為數(shù)不多的幾次跌后復(fù)升。這一次下跌的跌幅更大。在此下跌情況下，導(dǎo)致金價(jià)上揚(yáng)的額外需求來(lái)自于那些認(rèn)為美元---或者任何一種依靠抑制通脹的許諾來(lái)支撐的貨幣—無(wú)疑是一種高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資的人，主要因?yàn)槊绹?guó)擁有美元這一世界儲(chǔ)備貨幣，而且一直能夠制造和借來(lái)很多美元。要償還這些美元，最不費(fèi)力的方式就是讓美元貶值。
各國(guó)中央銀行的反應(yīng)跟這種額外需求正好形成鮮明對(duì)照。這些銀行都想把手里的黃金賣(mài)掉一些。以前各國(guó)貨幣都依靠這種金屬，歷史繼承的結(jié)果就是各國(guó)中央銀行的黃金儲(chǔ)量是世界黃金總量的五分之一。上個(gè)月，法國(guó)中央銀行宣布即將在未來(lái)幾年出售500噸黃金。不過(guò)中央銀行大量出售黃金會(huì)導(dǎo)致金價(jià)猛跌--- 1999年至2002年之間英格蘭銀行出售395噸黃金時(shí)就發(fā)生過(guò)這種情況。其結(jié)果是各國(guó)央行達(dá)成協(xié)議，協(xié)調(diào)限制今后的銷(xiāo)售。
如果金價(jià)繼續(xù)上揚(yáng)，這個(gè)協(xié)議就會(huì)被破壞，雖然一場(chǎng)美元危機(jī)會(huì)讓各國(guó)央行在轉(zhuǎn)向紙幣經(jīng)營(yíng)問(wèn)題上慎之又慎。那么央行所儲(chǔ)備的大量黃金是否會(huì)將金價(jià)再次拉下來(lái)呢?那倒不一定。正如黃金迷，時(shí)事通訊《格蘭特利率觀察家》的出版人詹姆斯·格蘭特所指出的，最近幾年政府的巨額債務(wù)并未阻止金價(jià)的大幅上漲。
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